I examined the intensive farming systems of the Ziz Valley of southeastern Morocco. The valley is a 250 km long expanse watered by the Ziz River. Surrounded by arid Saharan desert, the valley houses a dense, rapidly growing, and ethnically stratified population of Arabs, Berbers, and Haratine (blacks). Irrigated farming of cereals, olives and dates, and livestock raising dominate the lives of its inhabitants. Upon the analysis of the Ziz data, I reached three major findings. First, despite the unexpected finding that Berbers actually get more out of the same amount of land than Haratine and Arabs, and the fact that the Haratine are not the most productive farmers as hypothesized in the research design of my dissertation, this study underscores the urge to reformulate the theory behind agricultural intensification to incorporate the key variable of ethnicity and its role in making land productive in the analysis of agricultural change. Thus, contrary to current theories which examine social and economic change in terms of agricultural productivity and crop complexes, my findings demonstrate that the same agrarian regimes in the ethnically heterogeneous Ziz Valley differ markedly in production and intensity between ethnic groups, and therefore provide household-level evidence that ethnicity is a key, albeit a heretofore ignored, variable in the processes of economic and social development. Second, the study of ethnicity has dwelt too much on defining what ethnicity is, erecting its boundaries, and outlining its emergence as essential elements in the structuring of social organization between and among groups. However, with the infusion of remittances from abroad the Haratine have made ethnicity a political and economic instrument through which a Haratine corporate group has emerged to resist the ethnic mode of production. Third, ethnic change in the valley, and for that matter throughout the oasis social world of Southern Morocco, could not have risen from within the communities social structures, and the only avenue for the subaltern groups to change their lot in terms of political participation and access to land was to migrate outside the valley, return home with remittances, and undo the pillars of ethnic stratification.

This project is based on six months of ethnolinguistic fieldwork in rural Texas Czech communities, mainly in Granger (Williamson County) and West (McLennan County), exploring the role that an obsolescent language continues to play in the immigrant community and in the shifting definitions of its members' ethnic identity. Drawing on the community members' perspective, I examine the causes of discontinued transmission of Czech, the notion of a speaker of Texas Czech/Moravian and of the Texas Czech speech community, the contexts of Texas Czech use and its role in the speaker's identity, the self-defined ethnolinguistic identities vis-a-vis the speakers' idiolects, and attitudes toward the attempts at language revival. Two groups of focal informants (born before and after 1945) include second-to-fourth generation descendants of the first Texas settlers from the Lachian and Wallachian regions of Moravia (presently part of the Czech Republic). The database consists of fieldnotes from participant observation, 39 interviews, and attitudinal questionnaires. Structured tasks were used to elicit comparable linguistic data on lexicon, dialectal and reduced features of Texas Czech. Among my findings are that the stigmatized image of Texas Czech tends to implicitly justify the discontinued language transmission, because speaking a "broken" language is undesirable. Members of the speech community, the narrowest section of the Texas Czech community, include 'visible' activists, often perceived as Czech speakers regardless of their language ability. Any use of Texas Czech, encouraged only by specific functional and social contexts, manifests ethnic group membership, yet one does not have to speak the language to feel Czech or Moravian. The informants' self-definitions reflect the process of intergenerational ethic redefinition. Among creative and often commercialized manifestations of Czechness, Texas Czech folk music helps maintain the 'idea' of the heritage language. Most informants value their cultural heritage and support in principle any efforts to preserve the language, but they realize its limited utility. Yet the interest in learning Czech among the youth exists and should be exploited. Overall, a comparison of Granger and West shows that the effective display and marketing of the "Czech heritage" does not necessarily enhance chances for language retention.

This is a fragment of the history of Iss (Achoma-wi) and Aw'te (Atsuge-wi), native tribes of northeastern California. Politically, both tribes are placed under the rubric: Pit River Tribe. It is based on a narrative about Niee Denice, an Aw'te person born on Lost Creek in the Hat Creek area. The English rendition was told by Lela Grant Rhoades to linguist Bruce Nevins at Redding, California, 1972, at her home and in my presence. Niee Denice was later named Sampson Ulysses Grant by Basque ranchers who took him in during his flight from confinement at the Round Valley Reservation near Covelo. Grant's narrative begins when he was a child, rounded up as a part of a continual effort by the military and the vigilante "Guards/Rangers" throughout California to erase the native people from the earth. His mother and baby brother were shot while he and his father watched. They were murdered by the military because they were holding up the forced-march through the November snows of the Sierra Nevada/Cascade mountain ranges. The destination of the natives was unclear. Some records indicated that it was Fort Tejon, in southern California. Others that it was Round Valley Reservation, near Covelo. According to the narrative, the natives were marched to Fort Reading (Redding) in the Sacramento Valley, then south to Sacramento where they were put aboard ship. Beyond sight of land, the Captain caused the ship to spin around and around, hoping to make the natives lose direction to land. Then the sailors began throwing natives overboard. A near mutiny on this ship caused the Captain to put into Mendocino Station. Then the people were marched to Round Valley Reservation. He escaped and returned home. Grant gave the original narrative to his daughter, Lela, in Aw'te, while their family lived in Goose Valley. She, in turn, translated it into English for her children and the rest of us illiterate in Aw'te. I bought a copy of the recording from the Linguistics Library at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1991 and am working with Reitha B. Amen, Lela's daughter, to bring this history alive.

This study investigates the social construction of race, marine space, and resource conflict in one U.S. Native American community: the Makah Reservation, Neah Bay, Washington. A combination of archival records, news media coverage, and semistructured interviews is employed in order to expose the historic roots of the Makah Tribe's recent movement to reclaim control over traditional marine spaces. In particular, this research focuses on the gray whale controversy period between 1995-2000, when, to the consternation of conservation non-governmental organizations (NGOs), Makahs organized to resume a limited, cultural based harvest of the California gray whale in Pacific waters. This paper suggests that extant conflicts which developed between the Makah people, on one hand, and anti-whaling NGOs on another, were as much a struggle over marine space as they were a struggle over gray whale resources. Three central conclusions are drawn from the study. First, it is shown that Pacific marine "space" serves as a distinct, historical territory upon which many of the Makahs' political, cultural, and economic processes take form. Second, this research argues that NGO efforts to arrest the Makahs' contemporary whale harvest in offshore Pacific waters have been interpreted by tribal members as a neocolonialist invasion into what was once customarily managed marine space. Third, these results show how, despite the dominance of anti-whaling NGOs, Makahs have effectively mobilized global media technologies in order to empower themselves politically, transcend the territorial boundaries of the reservation, and reclaim control over the marine environment.

This study explores the interactional achievement of intersubjectivity between native speakers (NS) and nonnative speakers (NNS) of English engaged in high stakes teamwork. I term the interactional achievement of intersubjectivity Interactional Accommodation. In particular, this study examines how strategies that NSs and NNSs employ to interactionally accommodate are related to language proficiency, successful team outcomes, and to the construction of team hierarchy. The context of the study is the team meeting associated with a design course in the department of electrical and computer engineering (ECE) at an American university, a setting in which NSs and NNSs work together on teams throughout the year to design operable electronic devices. Data was collected during one year from seven teams and a total of 27 participants through participant observation, video and audio taping of team meetings, and participant playback sessions. Data analysis incorporated an integrated approach informed by a variety of discourse analytic approaches. Findings demonstrate that the ability of teammates to interactionally accommodate to each other is correlated with the team's success. However, NSs and NNSs tend to employ strategies with different frequencies and in qualitatively distinct ways. These differences become important to the development of team hierarchy because strategies that NSs and NNSs employ tend to allow NSs control over the interpretive frame, which contributes to the construction of NSs as higher status team members than NNSs. The ability to control the interpretive frame is related to language proficiency, but in some cases NNSs develop strategies that allow them to control the interpretive frame and gain high status.

Throughout the nineteenth century, the prayers, addresses, memorials, legal briefs, testimony and delegations of the Turtle Mountain Chippewa exemplified Edward Said's insight that "nations themselves are narrations." Their legal struggle for land and sovereignty derived from "the power to narrate" their own side of the story. This tribal case study confirms that the Turtle Mountain Chippewa are a powerful people with a compelling history. An adherence to the Native viewpoint is required to re-examine the formulation and implementation of nineteenth century federal Indian policy. This more inclusive approach can help everyone gain a broader perspective on the history of European American/American Indian relations.

Current AIDS information surveys are designed to evaluate an individual's degree of AIDS-related knowledge. These surveys are conducted in a forced-choice Likert format. Because rates of sexually transmitted diseases are increasing, (and by inference, therefore, so is AIDS), the author contends that testing "knowledge" is an inaccurate method in assessing sexual behavior. This study, which involves two-hour long, open-ended interviews with twenty-five college women, displays that their level of AIDS knowledge has little bearing on their sexual activity. Rather, peer group norms and values of sexual exchange influenced their sexual decision-making process. The women utilized several "voices" when discussing feelings of sexuality to negotiate coexisting dominant cultural ideals. This study explores student's sense of personal vulnerability, blame, responsibility and perceived necessity to adopt safer sexual practices.

Historians have commonly associated the standardization and simplification of Ch'in characters with bureaucratic expansion. The Ch'in empire's need for communicative efficiency has motivated character transformation from more pictographic, symbolic figures to more abstract, logographic patterns. This hypothesis is evaluated through (1) a critical analysis of bureaucracy and its impact on communication, and (2) a detailed examination of the formal properties of Ch'in characters and their effects on perception. The present thesis performs these tasks by taking a three-fold approach. First, I discuss the merits and demerits of bureaucracy with respect to its functions. Then, I elaborate upon aestheticism and writing materials as possible alternatives to communication for character transformation. Finally, I examine formal properties of Ch'in characters with regard to their communicative efficiencies.

Mary-Russell and Dr. Harold Colton, co-founders of the Museum of Northern Arizona in Flagstaff, opened the Hopi Craftsman Exhibition, a show of fine Hopi art, in July of 1930. Believing that traders' emphasis on mass production of tourist trinkets contributed to a decline in the quality of Hopi art, Mary-Russell determined to introduce the buying public to quality Hopi art, hoping this would stimulate better prices. Through the Hopi Craftsman Exhibition, Mary-Russell encouraged Hopi artists to use quality materials and sought ways to help them improve their techniques. Throughout the years, the goals and logistics of the Hopi Craftsman Exhibition have changed to keep up with the ever-increasing interest in Hopi arts. Today, the Hopi Marketplace showcases quality Hopi art to a discerning public. Hopi artists appreciate the encouragement, exposure, and recognition the Hopi Craftsman Exhibition has given them and their art over the years.

Representations of Germany's crisis of anti-foreigner violence and ambivalent government policies regarding guestworkers misrepresent this crisis and reproduce several myths: that Germany has only recently relied on foreign labor, that Germany is an unusually "homogenous" nation, has experienced little integration of foreigners, and is not and cannot become an "immigration" country. These myths hinge on a widespread "forgetting" of much of German labor history. This paper outlines this missing history. Features common to past and present "guestworker" policies are highlighted. An examination of modern German citizenship and naturalization laws suggests that guestworker crises derive from a fundamental contradiction between economic and political interests. The current crisis can be viewed as one phase of a longer unresolved conflict between economic goals and the definition of the German nation. Such a perspective is generally avoided, however, as earlier periods of conflict are erased through widespread collective forgetting.