Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 2008. / Title from title page screen (viewed on February 2, 2009). Research advisor: Richard E. Lee, Ph.D. Document formatted into pages (xviii, 238 p. : ill.). Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 167-186).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 2008. / Title from title page screen (viewed on February 27, 2009). Research advisor: Richard E. Lee, Ph.D. Document formatted into pages (viii, 40 p. : ill.). Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 36-40).

by Mei Choi Tang. / Thesis submitted in 1997. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1-22 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- PAE studies for antimicrobial combinations using the Fractional Maximal Effect method (FME method) --- p.23-64 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Effect of sequential antibiotic administration on the postantibiotic effect exhibited by an antimicrobial combination: A case for the combination of rifampin and tobramycin against E.coli ATCC 25922 --- p.65-84 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Effect of antimicrobial resistance to the components of an antimicrobial combination: A pilot study with piperacillin and gentamicin against Ps. aeruginosa --- p.85-100 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Conclusions --- p.101-106 / Appendix I --- p.107-113 / Appendix II --- p.114-116 / Appendix III --- p.117-120 / Appendix IV --- p.121-138 / Appendix V --- p.139-153

Wong, Kai Yi. / Thesis (M.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-110). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.4 / 摘要 --- p.7 / Acknowledgements --- p.9 / List of Tables --- p.10 / List of Figures --- p.11 / List of Abbreviations and Symbols --- p.12 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.14 / Chapter 1.1 --- Staphylococcus aureus --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2 --- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Methicillin resistance of MRSA --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Staphylococcal Chromosomal Cassette mec (SCCmec) --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Hospital-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) and Community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) --- p.22 / Chapter 1.2.3.1 --- Hospital-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) --- p.23 / Chapter 1.2.3.2 --- Community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) --- p.23 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Pathogenesis of MRSA infection --- p.27 / Chapter 1.2.4.1 --- Possible virulence genes contributing to necrotizing pneumonia --- p.29 / Chapter 1.2.4.1.1 --- Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) --- p.29 / Chapter 1.2.4.1.2 --- Phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) --- p.36 / Chapter 1.3 --- Evolution of MRSA --- p.36 / Chapter 1.4 --- Epidemiology of MRSA --- p.38 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Epidemiology of MRSA worldwide --- p.38 / Chapter 1.4.1.1 --- Epidemiology of HA-MRSA worldwide --- p.38 / Chapter 1.4.1.2 --- Epidemiology of CA-MRSA worldwide --- p.39 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Epidemiology of MRSA in Hong Kong --- p.40 / Chapter 1.5 --- Clinical significance of MRSA --- p.41 / Chapter 1.6 --- Antibiotics --- p.43 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Beta-lactams --- p.43 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Fluoroquinolone --- p.44 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Linezolid --- p.45 / Chapter 1.6.4 --- Glycopeptides --- p.45 / Chapter 1.6.5 --- Aminoglycosides --- p.46 / Chapter 1.6.6 --- Fusidic acid --- p.46 / Chapter 1.6.7 --- Clindamycin --- p.47 / Chapter 1.7 --- Hypothesis --- p.47 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Methods and Materials --- p.50 / Chapter 2.1 --- Bacterial isolate --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2 --- Effect of subinhibitory antibiotics on the expression of mRNA in MRSA in vitro --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Collection of bacterial fraction --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- RNA extraction and DNA digestion --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Reverse transcription for cDNA synthesis --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis (pvl and psma\-A expression) --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Preparation of standard controls for quantification of DNA copy number in qPCR reactions... --- p.58 / Chapter 2.3 --- Effect of subinhibitory concentration of antibiotics on MRSA pneumonia in a murine model --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.62 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Results --- p.63 / Chapter 3.1 --- Effect of subinhibitory antibiotics on the expression ofmRNA in MRSA in vitro --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2 --- Effect of subinhibitory concentration of antibiotics on MRSA pneumonia in a murine model --- p.74 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Discussion --- p.80 / Chapter 4.1 --- Effect of subinhibitory antibiotics on the expression of mRNA in MRSA in vitro --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2 --- Effect of subinhibitory concentration of antibiotics on MRSA pneumonia in a murine model --- p.87 / Chapter 4.3 --- Correlation of effects of subinhibitory antibiotics on the expression ofmRNA in MRSA in vitro and on MRSA pneumonia in a murine model --- p.91 / Chapter 4.4 --- Limitations of Study --- p.95 / Chapter 4.5 --- Future Work --- p.95 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusions --- p.97 / References --- p.99 / Chapter Appendix I- --- Materials and Reagents --- p.109 / Chapter Appendix II- --- Average and standard deviation of the copy number ratio (pvl or psmal-4 copy number/JdiS1 copy number) --- p.111 / Chapter Appendix III- --- In-vivo experimental data for infected control group and seven antibiotic groups --- p.116

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The primary goal of root canal treatment is to eliminate microbes from the root canal system, which is the cause of pulpal and periapical infections. Research shows that after a single visit of chemomechanical debridement microbes continue to remain within the canal system. An interappointment medication step has been advocated to maximize potential elimination of microbes within the root canal system. Previous studies have shown propolis to be antibacterial against common endodontic microbes. Studies have shown trends in different microbes being present in primary verus secondary endodontic infections. The majority of literature has focused on the efficacy of propolis against Enterococcus faecalis, a microbe commonly implicated in secondary endodontic 95 infections. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy of propolis against Fusobacterium nucleatum, a microbe commonly found in primary endodontic infections. This study aims to demonstrate the efficacy of propolis against a bacterium of primary endodontic infections (F. nucleatum) as well as against microbial biofilm to further support its potential use as a novel intracanal medicament. Dilutions of propolis were added to cultures of F. nucleatum in microtiter plates in a range from 390 μg/ml to 50,000 μg/ml. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) were determined. The MIC was determined of the total solution (biofilm+planktonic), planktonic, and biofilm (MBIC) after a 48-hour incubation period. The MBIC was determined by fixing biofilm to the wells and using crystal violet staining with spectrophotometry. The MBC was examined by plating solution from each concentration test well and reading the plates after 48 hours of incubation. The results show that the MIC of the total (biofilm+planktonic) appears to occur at a concentration of 6250 μg/ml. The MBIC appears to occur at the concentration of 1562.5 μg/ml. The planktonic results exhibit no significant difference in test and control wells. There was no MBC at any of the test concentrations. The propolis appears to inhibit bacterial growth and biofilm formation but does not appear to be bactericidal at any of the tested concentrations. The results of this study indicate that propolis has an MIC and MBIC when tested in vitro against F. nucleatum, although it does not show an MBC. There appears to be potentially significant interaction of propolis with biofilm as displayed by the lower concentration needed to exibit inhibitory effects on biofilm formation. This information 96 may contribute to the ability to develop a proper concentration of propolis to use in vivo when treating endodontic infections.