Background The harm of smoking tobacco remained one of the greatest health impacts and estimated costs to global population. Therefore, I reviewed the studies that had individual aspect of psychological theories, perceived susceptibility, individual’s attitude, perceived norms and self-efficacy as the prediction for the possible effects of media effects. Methods A systematic review was performed for evaluating the possible effects of antismoking framing in mass media. Specific keywords were used to search for all relevant studies from 1946 to25 April 2013 in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Microsoft Academic Search. I included articles about media campaign that promoted the target outcome, cognitive-behavioral change. I excluded any mass media campaign that had not explicitly identify the theories that present their message creation and campaign strategies. Last, I excluded any trial or intervention study of theory-based framing if the study did not examine the effect of antismoking message on a mass media campaign. Results 13 out of 1670 articles that described the antismoking framing in mass media campaigns were included in the systematic review. The review studies included five cross-sectional, four pretest-posttest design, three longitudinal, and onetime series design studies. In 9 out of 13 my literature articles, fear appeal was applied to present a risk of disease, and diverted the audiences to have smoking cessation and prevention, so that was categorized to have the factor of perceived susceptibility and individuals’ attitude against smoking. Discussion Our systematic review clarified practicable structure of framing message for reduction of smoking prevalence and its outcome measure of effectiveness. It lacks of a fine discrimination to access all the pathways and determinants of the major psychological models, so I could not measure the independent effect and interaction of the four psychological factors. Other limitations are recall bias and response bias. In Hong Kong, it was recommended to create antismoking message with the factor of perceived norm and self-efficacy in targeting low SES, minor races or disadvantage groups. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on March 11, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Communications, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 167-180).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2004. / Advisor: Dr. Patricia Yancey Martin, Florida State University, College of Social Sciences, Dept. of Sociology. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 27, 2004). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on September 8, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A. in communication)--Washington State University, May 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 31-37).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Delaware, 2007. / Principal faculty advisor: Marian L. Palley, Dept. of Political Science & International Relations. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2003. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-141). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2003. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-141). Also available on the Internet.

The problem of this study was to develop a valid and reliable instrument to assess the tobacco control advocacy knowledge level of high school students enrolled in the Busting Big Tobacco (BBT) program. The steps taken to examine this problem include: created a table of specifications, created the initial instrument, selected a jury of experts, a qualitative assessment by jurors, created the revised instrument, a quantitative review by jurors, revised the instrument, conducted a modified pilot test of the instrument using university students, and created the final 23 item instrument.The final instrument was administered to a group of Missouri high school students on two separate occasions a week apart. Out of the total 77 students that participated, 28 instruments were matched for data analysis. Two instrument items fell below a significant content validity ratio of .62. The mean item difficulty for the first and second administration of the final instrument was .53 and .49 respectively. The test-retest reliability was .6756 and the internal consistency reliability. 5696 for the first administration and .4815 for the second. Recommendations included: improving the confidentiality code, restructuring items into subscales, and give to BBT participants. / Department of Physiology and Health Science