Thesis (Ph. D.)--Washington State University, December 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 268-295).

The goal of the thesis is to explain what design exactly means and describe, its develop and some its parts. Further describes its use as very important marketing tool. The practical part contains implement of design in company Apple computer. The Part of "czech design" describes partnertships of designers and czech firms such as Mattoni, Linet, Pivovary Staropramen etc. The last part contains the foundation of student's brand KATARZE and its presenattion on Desgnblok.

The objective of this study is to determine the cost of producing apples in British Columbia and Washington State and then compare the estimated costs between the two regions. A conventional 'cost of production model, whereby long-run costs (i.e. depreciation costs) have been included, is developed to determine the average per acre and per pound cost of producing apples. The model assumes a representative orchard for British Columbia and Washington State. A set of characteristics, along with a set of management schedules, are defined for each of the representative orchards. In keeping with the assumption that the representative orchards include mature as well as trees in various establishment stages, each management schedule defines a set of operations for trees of a specific age. There are nine schedules representing trees age one through mature. Aside from the type of operations performed, each management schedule also specifies the number of times an operation is executed, the type of machine(s) used, the machine and labour time required, and the material/service cost involved. From the information provided in the management schedules, a corresponding set of production cost schedules is developed. These schedules show the depreciation, opportunity, insurance, repair and maintenance, fuel and lubricant, labour and material/service costs associated with each operation. The theory of Capital Budgeting is used here to provide a consistent and accurate estimation of the per hour or annual cost of machinery, equipment and buildings. For each schedule, the sum of the total cost per operation plus the overhead charges, interest on operating capital, and rent and tan on land yield the per acre cost of producing apples. A comparison based on the per acre cost by tree age is performed to determine cost differences that may exist at this level. On average (average of orchard block) per acre cost is determined for British Columbia and Washington State based on the proportion of trees of a specific age and its total cost. This average per acre cost is compared, as well as the individual categories of costs (i.e. labour) to determine where differentials exist between the two regions. Based on an average per acre yield, per pound cost of producing apples is also calculated. The efficiency ratio, total ouput value/total input value, is calculated and compared to provide an insight into British Columbia's producer’s ability to extract profits from inputs. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The domesticated apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) has been distributed into diverse climatic conditions worldwide for commercial production of fruit. Apple trees need exposure to cold temperatures, referred to as chill unit (CU) accumulation during winter, in order for budbreak to occur promptly and uniformly after winter. In warmer production areas the application of dormancy breaking chemicals has enabled successful production of high chilling requiring apple cultivars in suboptimal environmental conditions. In the Western Cape region of South Africa it is common orchard practice to apply dormancy breaking chemicals after winter in order to stimulate vegetative growth. If this is not done prolonged dormancy symptoms (PDS) are experienced which include extended rest, less synchronised breaking of buds and reduced branching. An increasing awareness of both global warming and the negative effects associated with the use of chemical sprays (for both pest and disease resistance and growth regulation) has resulted in the need to breed cultivars better adapted to current and future environmental conditions. The breeding of new cultivars using conventional breeding methods is a time consuming process, especially in perennial tree species with a long juvenile phase such as apple. The implementation of marker-assistedbreeding (MAB) and selection (MAS) will enable the selection of favourable genotypes at a very early seedling stage. Although markers linked to genes involved in disease resistance for a variety of known apple pathogens have been identified and are already in use in breeding programs, the genetic determinants of dormancy related characteristics residing within the bud itself (endodormancy) are poorly understood. This hampers the genetic improvement of such characters. Although this study focused on time of initial vegetative budbreak IVB, there are various other characteristics that can be associated with dormancy, such as position and number of budbreak and budbreak duration. The unravelling of the genetic basis of complex traits such as dormancy, can be done through the construction of a genetic linkage map followed by the identification of genomic regions, known as quantitative trait loci (QTL), that can be ssociated with the trait of interest. This study involved the construction of genetic linkage maps for two mapping pedigrees where the low chilling requiring cultivar ‘Anna’ was used as common male parent in crosses with the higher chilling requiring ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Sharpe’s Early’. A third mapping pedigree, with ‘Golden Delicious’ as female parent and ‘Prima’ as male parent, was also included. Maps consisted of transferable SSR markers only, facilitating the alignment with the proposed apple reference map (Silfverberg-Dilworth et al., 2006) and adherence to the common LG numbering system now being used for apple genetic linkage maps (Maliepaard et al., 1998). A number of newly developed EST-SSR markers are reported, some of which are candidates for filling large gaps between adjacent SSR markers on the apple reference map. An interactive database was developed to successfully manage the large amount of data generated during this investigation. A selective mapping, or bin mapping strategy (Vision et al., 2000) was developed for two of the three mapping populations in order to facilitate the incorporation and positioning of newly developed markers onto existing genetic linkage maps. This involves the screening of new markers on a small subset of the population, drastically reducing the cost and time involved. Genetic linkage maps constructed allowed for the detection of 18 putative QTLs affecting the time of IVB. Four of these QTLs co-localize with previously identified QTLs. A QTL identified on LG 8 confirms a previously identified QTL (Segura et al., 2007), while one of the QTLs identified on LG 9 might coincide with a QTL identified on the corresponding LG 3 of the genetic linkage map constructed by Conner et al. (1998). Two QTLs identified on LG 10 might coincide with markers found to co-segregate with time of budbreak in an earlier study conducted by Lawson et al. (1995). An additional 14 QTLs involved in time of IVB have been identified. We proposed the testing of four markers in a validation study conducted on a second mapping pedigree derived from a cross between ‘Anna’ and ‘Golden Delicious’. These markers are CH04a12, CH04c06y, CH01h01 and A267. Not only do these markers show significant levels of association with the time of IVB, but segregation of parental alleles from the cultivar ‘Anna’ for two of these markers, CH04c06y and CH01h01, were found to be associated with the time of IVB in different genetic backgrounds. The identification of markers closely associated with time of IVB will facilitate the implementation of MAS in breeding programs in order to breed cultivars that are better adapted to local climatic conditions.

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<p> The radiation balance of a dwarf apple orchard was evaluated. Results compared favourably with those for a single apple tree in an earlier investigation. Reflection, heating and longwave exchange coefficients were analysed. </p> <p> Transmitted global radiation was measured with moving and stationary sensors. Coefficients for the partitioning of incident global radiation were calculated. A relationship between photosynthetically active radiation and global radiation was established. Coefficients for the partitioning of incident photosynthetically active radiation were obtained and compared to the global radiation components. A problem associated with the measurement of transmitted radiation is discussed briefly. </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

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Apple proliferation (AP) is one of the most serious diseases of apple trees in Europe. It is caused by a phytoplasma, Candidatus Phytoplasma mali. The goal of the present study was to analyze transcriptional profiles of Malus pumila during infection by Ca. P. mali using cDNA-Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) technique in order to gain insight into molecular and physiological changes in diseased plants. We used a rootstock of apple (MM106) susceptible to Ca. P. mali to maximise the range of the potential host responses, and two strains (AP and AT) of the pathogen. Gene expression comparisons were studied in 3 categories of plant materials: healthy sample versus infected samples, symptomatic versus non-symptomatic sample, and AP-infected sample versus AT-infected sample. Forty-five genes whose steady-state levels of expression significantly changed in response to phytoplasma infection were isolated and identified. Of 45 partial cDNA sequences, twenty-seven showed similarity to international DNA or protein data bases. Of these, 18 were previously characterized in plants (the rest was related to unknown or hypothetical proteins). Eighteen out of 45 did not show any similarity with sequences in data bases, and so may be present novel genes. The majority of fragments were differently expressed between healthy sample and infected samples (fewer differences between symptomatic and non-symptomatic samples, or between the samples infected by different strains of phytoplasma). Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to confirm differential expression of sequences isolated by cDNA-AFLP. We chose the most stable reference housekeeping genes (GAPDH and actin) for normalisation of our data. The gene expression ratios were calculated by means of ΔΔCt method. Consequently, the second methodology (qRT-PCR) showed the similar profile expression as primary elucidation technique (cDNA-AFLP) for 11 known genes (between 18) and 13 unknown, hypothetical or novel genes (between 27). Changes in gene expression involved a wide spectrum of biological functions, including processes of metabolism, cell defence, senescence, photosynthesis, transport, transcription, signal transduction and protein synthesis. The possible effect of phytoplasma infection on these processes and their relationships with disease development, symptom appearance and probably plant defence system is discussed. A model is proposed to explain the mode of action of the Ca. P. mali in its host plant, apple tree. This is the first study of global gene profiling in plants in response to phytoplasma infections using cDNA-AFLP.