CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O aproveitamento integral do pedÃnculo de caju, uma matÃria prima vastamente encontrada no Cearà e pouco aproveitada, aliado a produÃÃo de etanol, produto de valor energÃtico sÃo o foco desse projeto. O suco de caju integral, rico em frutose, glicose, sais e vitaminas, mostrou-se bastante adequado para o uso da levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae no processo fermentativo alcoÃlico. A busca por melhorias na obtenÃÃo de etanol se deu atravÃs do estudo do uso de leveduras imobilizadas em suporte de bagaÃo de caju (SBC). A imobilizaÃÃo celular vem sendo estudada por inÃmeros pesquisadores e tem se mostrado uma tÃcnica importante devido aos benefÃcios e vantagens possibilitados como o aumento na produtividade. O bagaÃo de caju surge como uma matÃria prima barata e de fÃcil obtenÃÃo para a aplicaÃÃo da tÃcnica de imobilizaÃÃo. Para comparaÃÃo foram estudados os resultados com cÃlulas livres e imobilizadas em alginato de cÃlcio, um conhecido agente de imobilizaÃÃo de cÃlulas por encapsulamento e cÃlulas imobilizadas por adsorÃÃo em bagaÃo de caju. Utilizando cÃlulas imobilizadas em bagaÃo foram realizadas fermentaÃÃes preliminares, consecutivas e de estocagem. Foram verificados os seguintes parÃmetros cinÃticos: produtividade (Qp, g.L-1h-1), eficiÃncia (Ef, %), conversÃo substrato/biomassa (Yx/s, g.g-1) e conversÃo substrato/produto (Yp/s, g.g-1). O suporte de bagaÃo de caju atingiu vantagens com relaÃÃo a adesÃo e altas densidades celulares, gerando elevadas produtividades (≈ 5 g.L-1h-1). Com relaÃÃo a eficiÃncia e a taxa de conversÃo substrato/produto, cÃlulas imobilizadas atingiram valores similares aos obtidos com cÃlulas livres no suco de caju integral (em torno de 90% e 0,47 respectivamente). Outra vantagem foi a durabilidade e possibilidade de reutilizaÃÃo do suporte tornando o processo mais econÃmico, rÃpido e eficiente. O SBC mostrou-se apto a reutilizaÃÃo por no mÃnimo 10 bateladas consecutivas e se manteve estÃvel, em geladeira, por pelo menos 6 meses / The use of cashew apple peduncle, a vast available material found in Cearà that is usually wasted, combined with production of ethanol, is the focus of this project. Cashew apple juice, rich in fructose, glucose, salts and vitamins, is an appropriate raw material for alcoholic fermentation by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The search for improvements in ethanol production in this work was achieved through the study of the use of yeast immobilized in cashew apple bagasse support, (SBC). Cell immobilization has been studied by many researchers and has been an important technique because of the possible benefits and advantages as the increase in productivity. Cashew apple bagasse is a cheap and easily accessible raw material to the application of the immobilization technique. As comparison, results with free, immobilized cells in calcium alginate, a known agent for immobilization by encapsulation, and immobilized cells by adsorption on SBC were studied. Preliminary fermentation assays using immobilized cells on SBC were performed, as well as consecutive and storage fermentations. The following kinetic parameters were checked: productivity (Qp, gL-1h-1), efficiency (Ef,%), substrate / biomass yield (Yx / s, g.g-1) and substrate / product yield (Yp / s, g.g - 1). SBC presented advantages, such as high cell densities and adhesion, generating high yields (≈ 5 g.L-1h-1). With respect to efficiency and rate of substrate / product yield, immobilized cells reached values similar to those obtained with free cells in the integral cashew apple juice (about 90% and 0.47 respectively). Another advantage is the durability and possibility of reuse of SBC making the process more economical, fast and efficient. SBC was reused for at least 10 consecutive batches and remained stable, at refrigerator, for 6 months

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / O Leuconostoc mesenteroides B742 produz a enzima dextrana-sacarase em meio sintÃtico contendo sacarose (fonte de carbono), fonte de nitrogÃnio e sais. Esta enzima catalisa a formaÃÃo de dextrana quando em meio contendo acarose como Ãnico substrato. Entretanto, quando em meio contendo um aceptor (maltose, frutose, glicose ou outro aÃÃcar simples) como substrato predominante e sacarose como segundo substrato, a enzima produz oligossacarÃdeos prÃbiÃticos. Estes carboidratos nÃo sÃo digeridos por humanos e ao chegarem no intestino grosso sÃo metabolizados pelas bifidobactÃrias e lactobacilos, ali presentes, estimulando o seu crescimento. A maioria dos trabalhos publicados sobre a sÃntese de oligosscarÃdeos com dextrana-sacarase de Leuconostoc mesenteroides sÃo relativos à linhagem B512F e utilizam substratos sintÃticos. O caju, largamente cultivado no CearÃ, possui castanha (verdadeiro fruto) e pedÃnculo (pseudofruto) que à fonte de vitamina C. Considerando-se que o pedÃnculo corresponde a 90% do peso do caju, calcula-se que o paÃs produza cerca de 1,5 milhÃo de toneladas desse produto. No entanto, apenas 5% desse total à aproveitado industrialmente ou para consumo in natura, sendo grande parte perdida no campo. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo o aproveitamento do pedÃnculo como substrato para a sÃntese de oligossacarÃdeos prebiÃticos pela reaÃÃo do aceptor com a enzima dextranasacarase, obtida via processo fermentativo a partir do Leuconostoc mesenteroides B742 no suco de caju clarificado in natura. A substituiÃÃo parcial do extrato de levedura por sulfato de amÃnio como fonte de nitrogÃnio foi tambÃm avaliada. Com base nos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que o suco de caju clarificado pode ser empregado como uma alternativa de substrato de baixo custo para o crescimento do Leuconostoc mesenteroides B742 e para a produÃÃo de oligossacarÃdeos prebiÃticos via sÃntese enzimÃtica. A enzima bruta apresentou estabilidade superior no suco de caju quando comparada ao meio sintÃtico, tornando este substrato bastante interessante do ponto de vista industrial, uma vez que a purificaÃÃo da enzima à uma das etapas mais caras em processos enzimÃticos. A substituiÃÃo parcial do extrato de levedura por sulfato de amÃnio na produÃÃo da enzima se mostrou eficaz nÃo causando perdas na produÃÃo da enzima. / Leuconostoc mesenteroides B742 produces the enzyme dextransucrose in a medium containing sucrose (carbon source), a nitrogen source and mineral salts. This enzyme catalyses dextran synthesis when the only carbon source is sucrose. When acceptors (maltose, fructose, glucose or other simple sugar) are present as the main substrate and sucrose is the second one, the enzyme synthesizes prebiotic oligosaccharides. These carbohydrates are not digested by humans and reach the large intestine where they are metabolized by bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, the intestine endogenous microbiota, increasing their growth. The most published papers about oligosaccharides synthesis using dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides are related to the strain B512F and the synthesis is carried out using synthetic substrates. The cashew tree, largely grown in Cearà state, has a peduncle (pseudofruit) which is wasted. Considering that the peduncle corresponds to 90 % of the fruit weight, its annual estimated production is about 1,5 millions tons. However, only 5% of this production is industrially used or consumed in natura, being large amounts wasted in the field. This work aimed to the study of the prebiotic oligosaccharide synthesis through the acceptor reaction with dextransucrase enzyme from Leuconostoc mesenteroides B742 in natura clarified cashew apple juice. The partial substitution of yeast extract by ammonium sulfate as nitrogen source was also investigated. According to the results obtained, the clarified cashew apple juice can be used as low cost alternative substrate to grow L.mesenteroides B742 and to produce prebiotic oligosaccharide through enzyme synthesis. The crude enzyme showed higher stability in the clarified cashew apple juice when compared to the synthetic medium, making this substrate interesting for industrial applications because enzyme purification protocols are one of the most expensive steps in enzyme process. The partial substitution of yeast extract by ammonium sulfate also showed technical viability without enzyme yield losses.

Parmi les maladies affectant les pommes, la moisissure bleue causée par Penicillium expansum est une préoccupation majeure. Elle cause des pertes de rendement et de qualité dues également à la production de mycotoxines telles que la patuline (PAT) et la citrinine (CIT). La PAT est la plus alarmante en raison de ses propriétés cytotoxiques, génotoxiques et immunosuppressives.L'Union européenne (UE) a établi des réglementations spécifiques pour protéger la santé des consommateurs et des niveaux maximaux de 50 g / kg sont fixés pour les jus de fruits et les produits dérivés, 25 g / kg pour les purées de pommes et les compotes et 10 g / kg pour les aliments destinés aux bébés et aux jeunes enfants. En dépit de ces mesures, la PAT continue à être présente dans les aliments et / ou les boissons commerciaux, dépassant parfois les limites maximales. Des recherches supplémentaires sont par conséquent nécessaires pour minimiser la contamination des produits alimentaires par cette mycotoxine et son champignon producteur. Bien que la plupart des études sur P. expansum soient essentiellement centrées sur la PAT, le génomede ce champignon présente d'autres clusters de métabolites secondaires (SM) prédits dont certains peuvent être associés à des métabolites potentiellement toxiques. Afin de contrôler la synthèse de SM, l'étude des facteurs de transcription globaux régulant leur production est essentielle. Dans une première partie, le gène veA, appartenant à la famille des protéines du complexe velvet, a été caractérisé et son impact sur le développement du champignon, sa virulence et son métabolisme secondaire a été élucidé. La délétion de ce gène a conduit à une réduction de la production de PAT et de CIT et à une diminution de l'expression de leurs clusters de gènes. VeA a également un impact global sur le métabolisme secondaire, puisque 15 des 35gènes de structure présentent une régulation différentielle sur les milieux testés. Dans une deuxième partie, l’influence de l’acide ascorbique (AA) sur la concentration de PAT dans le jus de pomme trouble a été étudiée à la fois en laboratoire et en milieu semi-industriel. Une méthodologie analytique séparant la PAT et d'autres composés générés au cours de la réaction aété optimisée. Les conditions optimales d'action de l’AA sur la PAT ont été analysées. De plus,nous avons identifié des produits de dégradation moins toxiques que la PAT et résultant du traitement par l’AA. Pour conclure, cette thèse se rattache à la gestion des risques de la PAT dans le secteur des fruits ; elle apporte des connaissances et des améliorations significatives tant sur le plan fondamental que sur le plan pratique. Ces avancées résident principalement dans la description d'une souche mutée de P. expansum moins toxique que celle naturellement retrouvée dans la nature, et décrivant un additif alimentaire améliorant les qualités de nombreux produits transformés et diminuant la concentration de PAT en générant des composés moins toxiques. / Among diseases affecting apples, blue mould caused by Penicillium expansum is a major concern. It causes yield and quality losses, as well as food safety issues due to the production of mycotoxins such as patulin (PAT) and citrinin (CIT). PAT is the most worrying one and has cytotoxic, genotoxic and immunosuppressive properties. The European Union (EU) has established specific regulations to protect the consumer’s health and maximum levels of PAT of 5 g/kg is set for fruit juices and derived products, 25 g/kg for apple purees and compotes and 10g/kg for food intended for babies and young children. However, PAT is still found in commercial food and/or beverage products, sometimes exceeding the maximum limits and more research is needed to minimize contamination of food products by this mycotoxin and its fungus. Even though most studies on P. expansum have focused on PAT itself, the genome of this fungus exhibits other predicted secondary metabolite (SM) clusters, some of which may be associated with potentially toxic metabolites. In order to control the synthesis of SMs, the study of global transcription factors regulating their production is essential. In a first part, the veA gene, belonging to the velvet family, was characterised and its impact on the development of the fungus, its virulence and its secondary metabolism was elucidated. The disruption of this gene led to the failure in PAT and CIT production and a decrease in the expression of their gene cluster. It also revealed a global impact on the secondary metabolism, as 15 of 35 backbone genes showed differential regulation on the media tested. In a second part, the influence of ascorbic acid (AA) on the concentration of PAT in cloudy apple juice was studied on both lab and semi-industrial scale. An analytical methodology separating PAT and other compounds generated during the reaction was optimized. Optimal conditions of action of AA on PAT were studied. In addition, degradation products less toxic than PAT and resulting from AA treatment were identified. To conclude, this thesis is part of the risk management of PAT in the fruit sector; it provides significant improvements at both fundamental and practical levels. These advances are mainly characterized by the description of a mutated strain of P. expansum that is less toxic than that naturally occurring in nature, and the description of a food additive that improves numerous products qualities and affects PAT concentration, thusgenerating less toxic compounds

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaVPR_TESE_1-170.pdf: 4608142 bytes, checksum: 9ed83cbe76a127f48714302cd74c674a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Recently, global demand for ethanol fuel has expanded very rapidly, and this should further increase in the near future, almost all ethanol fuel is produced by fermentation of sucrose or glucose in Brazil and produced by corn in the USA, but these raw materials will not be enough to satisfy international demand. The aim of this work was studied the ethanol production from cashew apple juice. A commercial strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used for the production of ethanol by fermentation of cashew apple juice. Growth kinetics and ethanol productivity were calculated for batch fermentation with different initial sugar (glucose + fructose) concentration (from 24.4 to 103.1 g.L-1). Maximal ethanol, cell and glycerol concentrations (44.4 g.L-1, 17.17 g.L-1, 6.4 g.L-1, respectively) were obtained when 103.1 g.L-1 of initial sugar concentration were used, respectively. Ethanol yield (YP/S) was calculated as 0.49 g (g glucose + fructose)-1. Pretreatment of cashew apple bagasse (CAB) with dilute sulfuric acid was investigated and evaluated some factors such as sulfuric acid concentration, solid concentration and time of pretreatment at 121?C. The maximum glucose yield (162.9 mg/gCAB) was obtained by the hydrolysis with H2SO4 0.6 mol.L-1 at 121?C for 15 min. Hydrolysate, containing 16 ? 2.0 g.L-1 of glucose, was used as fermentation medium for ethanol production by S. cerevisiae and obtained a ethanol concentration of 10.0 g.L-1 after 4 with a yield and productivity of 0.48 g (g glucose)-1 and 1.43 g.L-1.h-1, respectively. The enzymatic hydrolysis of cashew apple bagasse treated with diluted acid (CAB-H) and alkali (CAB-OH) was studied and to evaluate its fermentation to ethanol using S. cerevisiae. Glucose conversion of 82 ? 2 mg per g CAB-H and 730 ? 20 mg per g CAB-OH was obtained when was used 2% (w/v) of solid and loading enzymatic of 30 FPU/g bagasse at 45 ?C. Ethanol concentration and productivity was achieved of 20.0 ? 0.2 g.L-1 and 3.33 g.L-1.h-1, respectively when using CAB-OH hydrolyzate (initial glucose concentration of 52.4 g.L-1). For CAB-H hydrolyzate (initial glucose concentration of 17.4 g.L-1), ethanol concentration and productivity was 8.2 ? 0.1 g.L-1 and 2.7 g.L-1.h-1, respectively. Hydrolyzates fermentation resulted in an ethanol yield of 0.38 g/g glucose and 0.47 g/g glucose, with pretreated CABOH and CAB-H, respectively. The potential of cashew apple bagasse as a source of sugars for ethanol production by Kluyveromyces marxianus CE025 was evaluated too in this work. First, the yeast CE025 was preliminary cultivated in a synthetic medium containing glucose and xylose. Results showed that it was able to produce ethanol and xylitol at pH 4.5. Next, cashew apple bagasse hydrolysate (CABH) was prepared by a diluted sulfuric acid pre-treatment. The fermentation of CABH was conducted at pH 4.5 in a batch-reactor, and only ethanol was produced by K. marxianus CE025. The influence of the temperature in the kinetic parameters was evaluated and best results of ethanol production (12.36 ? 0.06 g.L-1) was achieved at 30 ?C, which is also the optimum temperature for the formation of biomass and the ethanol with a volumetric production rate of 0.25 ? 0.01 g.L-1.h-1 and an ethanol yield of 0.42 ? 0.01 g/g glucose. The results of this study point out the potential of the cashew apple bagasse hydrolysate as a new source of sugars to produce ethanol by S. cerevisiae and K. marxianus CE025. With these results, conclude that the use of cashew apple juice and cashew apple bagasse as substrate for ethanol production will bring economic benefits to the process, because it is a low cost substrate and also solve a disposal problem, adding value to the chain and cashew nut production / Recentemente, a demanda mundial por etanol combust?vel tem se expandido de forma muito r?pida, sendo quase todo etanol combust?vel ? produzido por fermenta??o de sacarose no Brasil ou glicose de milho nos Estados Unidos, por?m, estas mat?rias-primas n?o ser?o suficientes para satisfazer a demanda internacional. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produ??o de bioetanol a partir do ped?nculo de caju. Para tal fim, inicialmente, estudou-se a produ??o de etanol utilizando o suco de caju como fonte de carbono, avaliando a influ?ncia da concentra??o inicial de substrato por Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nessa etapa, os melhores resultados foram utilizando uma concentra??o inicial de a??car de 87,71 g.L-1 obtendo a concentra??o m?xima de etanol de 42,8 ? 3 g.L-1 com uma produtividade de 9,71 g.L-1.h-1 e rendimento de etanol de 0,49 g etanol/g glicose + frutose. Posteriormente, estudou-se a produ??o de etanol utilizando como material lignocelul?sico o baga?o de caju (CAB) que continha 20,9% celulose, 16,3% hemicelulose e 33,6% lignina + cinzas. Inicialmente estudou-se o pr?-tratamento do CAB com ?cido sulf?rico dilu?do avaliando-se diferentes par?metros, obtendo as maiores concentra??es dos a??cares glicose (22,8 ? 1,5 g.L-1) e xilarabin (arabinose + xilose plus, 29,2 ? 2,4 g.L-1), na fra??o l?quida (CAB-H), no pr?-tratamento conduzido em autoclave a 121?C por 15 min usando H2SO4 0,6 mol.L-1 e 30% m/v de CAB, com rendimentos de glicose, xilarabin e a??cares totais de 75,99 ? 5,0, 97,17 ? 8,1 e 173,16 ? 13,0 mg.(g de baga?o)-1, respectivamente. A convers?o obtida nesse pr?-tratamento com base na percentagem de celulose e hemicelulose do CAB foi 322,1 ? 20,1 mg glicose.(g celulose)-1 e 514,1 ? 43,1 mg xilarabin.(g hemicelulose)-1. Na fermenta??o do hidrolisado CAB-H por S. cerevisiae obteve-se 10 g.L-1 de etanol ap?s 4 horas de cultivo, com rendimento de 0,48 g.(g glicose)-1 e produtividade de 2,62 g.L-1h-1. Ap?s, estudou-se a hidr?lise enzim?tica do CAB ap?s pr?-tratamento com H2SO4 dilu?do (CAB-H) e alcalino (CAB-OH) e a fermenta??o dos hidrolisados por S. cerevisiae para produzir etanol. Uma convers?o de glicose de 82 ? 2 mg.(gCAB-H)-1 e 730 ? 20 mg.(gCAB-OH)-1 foi obtida utilizando 2% (m/v) de s?lidos e carga enzim?tica de 30 FPU.(g baga?o)-1 a 45?C. Na fermenta??o conduzida com o hidrolisado obtido da hidr?lise enzim?tica do CAB-OH, obteve-se uma concentra??o de etanol, produtividade e rendimento de 20,0 ? 0,2 g.L-1, 3,33 g.L-1.h-1 e 0,38 g.(g de glicose)-1, respectivamente. Para o hidrolisado da hidr?lise do CAB-H, a concentra??o de etanol foi 8,2 ? 0,1 g.L-1 com 2,7 g.L-1.h-1 de produtividade e rendimento de 0,47 g.(g glicose)-1 em 3 h de ensaio. O potencial do baga?o de caju como fonte de a??cares para a produ??o de etanol por Kluyveromyces marxianus CE025 tamb?m foi avaliado e verificou-se a influ?ncia da temperatura nos par?metros cin?ticos, sendo os ensaios conduzidos em batelada a pH 4,5, utilizado o hidrolisado (CAB-H) como fonte de carbono. Os melhores resultados para a produ??o de etanol foram a 30?C, coincidindo com a temperatura ?tima de crescimento, resultando em 12,36 ? 0,06 g.L-1 de etanol, com uma taxa volum?trica de produ??o de 0,26 ? 0,01 g.L-1.h-1 e rendimento de 0,42 ? 0,01 g.(g de glicose)- 1. Os resultados apresentados demonstram o potencial do ped?nculo de caju (suco e baga?o) como nova fonte de carbono para produzir etanol por S. cerevisiae e K. marxianus CE025

Tesis por compendio / [ES] El oscurecimiento de los tejidos de frutas y verduras dañados puede provocar cambios indeseables y el rechazo por parte del consumidor. Este deterioro, conocido como pardeamiento enzimático, es causado principalmente por la enzima polifenol oxidasa (PPO), que oxida los compuestos fenólicos en pigmentos rojizos llamados melanoides. De esta forma, la prevención de la actividad de PPO en el procesamiento postcosecha tanto en frutas y verduras como en sus licuados, ha recibido desde siempre mucha atención por parte de la industria alimentaria. Sin embargo, los tratamientos actuales presentan diversos inconvenientes, entre los que podemos destacar los efectos negativos en la calidad nutricional de los productos y su elevado coste. El cometido de esta tesis doctoral se centra en el desarrollo y evaluación de nuevas estrategias no térmicas para la inhibición de la PPO con el objetivo final de detener el pardeamiento enzimático. Para esto se abordaron dos estrategias diferentes. Por un lado, se seleccionaron y evaluaron varias poliaminas macrocíclicas. Se determinó que la estructura química influye fuertemente en el poder inhibidor, existiendo dos compuestos altamente eficaces contra el pardeamiento enzimático, los cuales presentan IC50 de 10 µM y 0.30 mM. Su eficacia se validó en zumo de manzana recién licuado retrasando el pardeamiento enzimático y la pérdida de compuestos fenólicos totales. Por otro lado, se estudió el desarrollo y aplicación de partículas de sílice mesoporosas funcionalizadas con diversos grupos químicos. Los resultados mostraron que tanto la estructura del material como la funcionalización son determinantes. El soporte UVM-7 ofreció la inhibición más fuerte sobre la enzima PPO, y una vez funcionalizado con grupos tiol este aumentó notablemente su poder inhibidor, deteniendo el pardeamiento enzimático en zumo de manzana. Por el contrario, los grupos amino, aunque mostraron menor poder inhibidor, fueron capaces de inmovilizar a la enzima y eliminarla del medio. Finalmente, el soporte UVM-7 fue magnetizado para su fácil eliminación del medio, evitando así la etapa de filtración. El soporte UVM-7 magnetizado y funcionalizado con tioles logró mantener la concentración inicial de vitamina C y flavonoides en el zumo de manzana. Además, la capacidad antioxidante y el contenido de fenoles totales se mantuvieron casi sin cambios. / [CA] L'enfosquiment de fruïtes i verdures provoca un alt rebuig per part del consumidor. Aquest fet genera grans pèrdues econòmiques i un gran desaprofitament d'aliments. Aquest deteriorament, conegut com enfosquiment enzimàtic, és causat principalment per l'enzim polifenol oxidasa (PPO), que oxida els compostos fenòlics en pigments vermellosos anomenats melanoïdines. D'aquesta manera, la prevenció de l'activitat de la PPO en el processament postcollita tant en fruites i verdures com en els seus liquats, ha rebut des de sempre molta atenció per part de la indústria alimentària. No obstant això, els tractaments actuals presenten diversos inconvenients, entre els quals podem destacar els efectes negatius en la qualitat nutricional dels productes o el seu elevat cost. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi doctoral es centra en el desenvolupament i avaluació de noves estratègies no tèrmiques per a la inhibició de la PPO amb la finalitat de detindre el enfosquiment enzimàtic. Per això s'aborden dues estratègies diferents. D'una banda, es va seleccionar i avaluar diverses poliamines macrocícliques. Determinat que l'estructura química influeix fortament en el poder inhibidor, existint dos compostos altament eficaços contra el enfosquiment enzimàtic, els quals presenten IC50 de 10 µM i 0.30 mM. La seua eficàcia es va validar en el suc de poma recentment liquat retardant el enfosquiment enzimàtic i la pèrdua de compostos fenòlics totals. D'altra banda, es va estudiat el desenvolupament i aplicació de partícules de sílice mesoporoses funcionalitzades amb diversos grups químics. Els resultats van mostrar que tant l'estructura del material com la funcionalització foren determinants. El suport UVM-7 va oferir la inhibició més forta sobre l'enzim PPO, i una vegada funcionalitzat amb grups tiol aquest va augmentar notablement el seu poder inhibidor, detenint el enfosquiment enzimàtic en el suc de poma. Tot i això, els grups amina, encara que mostren menys poder inhibidor, foren capaços d'immobilitzar l'enzim i eliminar-la del medi. Finalment, el suport UVM-7 va ser magnetitzat per la seva fàcil eliminació del mig, evitant així l'etapa de filtració. El suport UVM-7 magnetitzat i funcionalitzat amb grups tiol va aconseguir mantindre la concentració inicial de vitamina C i flavonoides en el suc de poma. A més, la capacitat antioxidant i el contingut de fenols totals es van mantindre quasi sense canvis. / [EN] The browning of injured fruit and vegetable tissues can cause undesirable changes and consumers' rejection resulting in high economic losses and food waste. This damage, known as enzymatic browning, is mainly caused by the polyphenol oxidase enzyme (PPO) which oxidize the phenolic compounds found in these tissues into reddish pigments named melanonids. Thus, preventing PPO activity in post-harvest processing fruits and vegetables including their juices has received a lot of attention from the food industry. Nonetheless, the current alternatives have some drawbacks such as negative effects on the nutritional quality of products or high cost. Hence, the purpose of this doctoral thesis is focused on the development and evaluation of new non-thermal strategies for PPO inhibition and prevention of the enzymatic browning. For this purpose, two different strategies were addressed; On one hand, several macrocyclic polyamine compounds were selected and evaluated. The chemical structure was found to strongly influence the inhibitor power, and two different compounds were found to be efficient against the enzymatic browning with IC50 of 10 µM and 0.30 mM. Their effectiveness was proved in cloudy apple juice resulting in a delay of the enzymatic browning and the loss of total phenolic compounds. On the other hand, the development and application of mesoporous silica particles functionalized with diverse chemical groups were studied. The results showed that both the structure of the material and the type of functionalization are decisive. The UVM-7 support offered the strongest inhibition of the PPO. The functionalisation with thiol groups enhanced the inhibitor power stopping the enzymatic browning in cloudy apple juice. Alternatively, amine groups, although showing less inhibitory power, were able to immobilise the enzyme. Finally, the UVM-7 support was magnetized for easily elimination of the medium, thus preventing the juice filtration need. Cloudy apple juice treated with magnetized UVM-7 functionalized with tiol groups maintained the initial concentration of both vitamin C and flavonoids. Moreover, the antioxidant capacity and the total phenolic content remained almost unchanged. / Financial support by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (project RTI2018-100910-B-C44 and MAT2015-64139-C4-1), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (projects CTQ2016-78499-C6-1-R, Unidad de Excelencia MDM 2015- 0038 and CTQ2017-90852-REDC) and Generalitat Valenciana (projects PROMETEOII2015-002 PROMETEO/2018/024 and GVA/2014/13) is gratefully acknowledged. / Muñoz Pina, S. (2021). Mesoporous silica particles and macrocyclic ligands as modulators of polyphenol oxidase activity in food systems [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/174934 / TESIS / Compendio

Les composés phénoliques sont impliqués dans les propriétés organoleptiques majeures des aliments dérivant d’une matrice végétale. Ils sont notamment responsables de l’amertume, de l’astringence et de la couleur des produits cidricoles. Le brunissement observé lors de la transformation des fruits est lié à la formation de pigments jaunes-orangés. Il est initié par l’activité d’une enzyme plastidiale, la polyphénol oxydase, qui catalyse l’oxydation des polyphénols en présence d’oxygène. Cela aboutit à la formation de quinones, espèces chimiques très réactives qui sont rapidement impliquées dans des voies réactionnelles ultérieures. Certains produits néoformés sont colorés. Un profilage des molécules colorées présentes dans quatre jus de pomme monovariétaux aux couleurs contrastées a été réalisé en CLHP-DBD-SM. Il a mis en évidence l’existence de tannins oxydés colorés et de composés jaunes-orangés non tannants. Parmi ces derniers, des produits d’oxydation de la phloridzine, dérivant de la classe des dihydrochalcones, ont été clairement identifiés (POPj, XGPOPj). Des approches couplées en milieu réel et solution modèle ont en outre permis d’identifier une nouvelle structure colorée dérivant d’un couplage oxydatif entre une dihydrochalcone et un flavanol monomère. Enfin, des déhydrotrimères d’épicatéchine ont pu être caractérisés en solution synthétique mais n’ont pas été détectés directement dans les jus. Par ailleurs, la couleur exprimée par les pigments formés peut subir des modulations en fonction de l’environnement physico-chimique. A titre d’exemple, la fermentation cidricole génère classiquement une décoloration des moûts ; or la composition du milieu fermentaire évolue sous l’influence de différents paramètres tels que le pH ou le potentiel redox. L’impact d’un milieu réducteur sur la couleur du POPj et d’une déhydrotriépicatéchine de type A, sélectionnés comme pigments modèles des jus de pomme, a été exploré par voltammétrie cyclique et spectroélectrochimie UV-visible. En outre, les changements de propriétés spectrales du POPj liés à son état de protonation ont été rationalisés par des approches de TD-DFT. / The phenolic compounds are involved in the main organoleptic properties of plant-derived foods. They are especially responsible for the bitterness, the astringency and the color of apple cider products. The browning observed during fruit processing is related to the formation of yellow-orange pigments. By its catalytic activities, the polyphenol oxidase, a plastidial enzyme, initiates the oxidation of polyphenols in the presence of oxygen. It leads to the formation of quinones, very reactive species which are quickly involved in further chemical reactions. Some of the neoformed products are colored. Four apple juices, showing contrasted colors, were analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC-DAD-MS in order to obtain their profiles in colored compounds. The presence of yellow-orange oxidized tanning and non-tanning compounds was highlighted. Within the latter compounds, some phloridzin oxidation products, deriving from dihydrochalcones, were clearly identified (POPj, XGPOPj). In parallel, coupled approaches in real media and model solutions led to the identification of a new colored structure deriving from an oxidative coupling between a dihydrochalcone and a flavanol monomer. Finally, catechin trimers were also characterized in synthetic medium but they were not detected directly in apple juices. Moreover, the color expressed by the yellow-orange pigments can suffer some variations as a function of the physical-chemical environment. For instance, the cider fermentation results generally in a loss of color in apple juices; but the composition of the fermentative medium evolves under the influence of several parameters, such as pH and redox potential. The impact of reducing conditions on the color of POPj and A-type dehydrotriepicatechin, both selected as model pigments of apple juices, was explored by cyclic voltammetry and UV-visible spectroelectrochemistry. Besides, the changes in spectral properties of POPj, related to its protonation state, were rationalized by TD-DFT calculations.