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Conventional ecotoxicological tests (forced exposure) are an important tool when what is sought are the possible acute and chronic effects of environmental pollutants on each individual that is exposed. The disadvantage of this approach lies in the fact that the organisms are kept enclosed within containers of the same concentration for several hours and / or days. The forced exposure test has no ecological relevance when the modeled environment exhibits a contamination gradient and organisms can move along this gradient. In many aquatic ecosystems, it is common to observe a contamination gradient, with concentrations decreasing with distance from the discharge zone, so that organisms do not necessarily exhibit continuous and forced exposure to the contaminant. The objective of this work was to analyze how aquatic pollutants (e.g Triclosan, Bisphenol, Atrazine and Copper) influence the dispersion / habitat selection pattern of two species of fish: Poecilia reticulata and Danio rerio, using a static system (non-forced exposure) with several compartments, forming a gradient of contamination with the compound to be analyzed. All pollutants tested triggered an avoidance response in fish at environmentally relevant concentrations. The concentrations that caused avoidance on the organisms are lower than those that cause sub-lethal effects on aquatic organisms, including fish. We also find in one of our approaches the potential for the formation of a chemical barrier (habitat fragmentation) by the release of pollutants into the water bodies, reducing the migration potential of aquatic organisms. Finally, one of the most important findings is the interaction of the species with each other when exposed to a pollution gradient. In this case, the presence of one species interfered in the distribution of the other (reduction of the migration potential), when both were in the same system. Thus, the non-forced approach demonstrates to be a powerful tool in the evaluation of environmental risk, complementary to the traditional ecotoxicological tests / Os testes ecotoxicológicos convencionais (exposição forçada) são uma ferramenta importante quando o que se busca são os possíveis efeitos agudos e crônicos dos poluentes ambientais sobre cada indvíduo que é exposto. A desvantagem dessa abordagem está no fato de que os organismos são mantidos enclausurados dentro de recipientes com uma mesma concentração por várias horas e/ou dias. O teste de exposição forçada não tem relevância ecológica quando o ambiente modelado apresenta um gradiente de contaminação e os organismos podem se mover ao longo deste gradiente. Em muitos ecossistemas aquáticos, é comum observar um gradiente de contaminação, com as concentrações diminuindo com a distância da zona de descarga, de modo que os organismos não apresentam obrigatoriamente uma exposição contínua e forçada ao contaminante. Desta forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo a análise de como os poluentes aquáticos (e.g. Triclosan, Bisfenol, Atrazina e Cobre) influenciam o padrão de dispersão / seleção de habitat por duas espécies de peixes: Poecilia reticulate e Danio rerio, utilizando um sistema estático (não forçado) com vários compartimentos, formando um gradiente de contaminação com o composto a ser analisado. Todos os poluentes testados dispararam uma resposta de fuga nos peixes em concentrações ambientalmente relevantes. As concentrações que causaram a fuga dos organismos são menores do que aquelas que causam efeitos sub-letais em organismos aquáticos, incluindo peixes. Encontramos também em uma de nossas abordagens o potencial de formação de uma barreira quimica (fragmentação de habitat) pela liberação de poluentes nos corpos hídricos, reduzindo o potencial de migração dos organismos aquáticos. Por fim, um dos achados mais importantes está na interação das espécies entre si quando expostas a um gradiente de poluição. Nesse caso, a presença de uma espécie interferiu na distribuição da outra (redução do potencial de migração), quando ambas se encontravam no mesmo sistema. Sendo assim, a abordagem não forçada demonstra ser uma ferramenta poderosa na avaliação de risco ambiental, complementar aos testes ecotoxicológicos tradicionais

Les activités humaines dispersent quotidiennement une grande variété de produits chimiques dans l’environnement. Les populations d’organismes aquatiques sont ainsi exposées à des polluants chimiques tout au long de leur cycle de vie, ce qui pose la question de l’impact de ces polluants émergeants sur les écosystèmes aquatiques. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons étudié les traits d’histoire de vie de populations de moustiques Aedes aegypti exposées à trois polluants : l’ibuprofène, le bisphénol A et le benzo[a]pyrène. Nos observations rendent compte de modifications de traits d’histoire de vie susceptibles d’influencer la dynamique des populations de moustiques Aedes aegypti, observés lors d’exposition à des concentrations cohérentes avec les mesures effectuées dans l’environnement. Ces études révèlent notamment de nombreuses conséquences trans-générationnelles de l’exposition aux polluants. Une approche intégrative associant des études transcriptomique, métabolomique et hormonale réparties à différentes étapes du cycle de vie des individus exposés à l’ibuprofène a été adoptée afin de mieux comprendre les impacts de ce polluant sur les individus. Cette approche a révélé chez les larves exposées un mécanisme d’action similaire au mécanisme pharmacologique de ce médicament sur les vertébrés. Ces perturbations sont en outre accompagnées de modifications importantes de l’état physiologique de leur descendance. Ces modifications, mises en évidence notamment par la potentialisation de la signalisation hormonale par l’ecdysone ainsi que la surreprésentation des mécanismes de réponse aux stress, aboutissent à un développement plus rapide et à une meilleure tolérance de cette descendance aux périodes de jeun. Notre approche met en évidence l’intérêt de la prise en compte du cycle de vie dans sa globalité, incluant la descendance, dans l’évaluation des risques écotoxicologiques. / Human activities daily release a wide variety of chemicals in the environment. Populations of aquatic organisms are thus exposed to pollutants throughout their life cycle, raising the question of the impacts of these pollutants on aquatic ecosystems. In this work, we study life history traits of populations of Aedes aegypti mosquito exposed to three pollutants: ibuprofen, bisphenol A and benzo[a]pyrene. Our observations reveal life history traits alterations likely to affect Aedes aegypti populations dynamic at environmental concentrations, more particularly showing the importance of transgenerational effects in those modifications. An integrative approach combining transcriptomic, metabolomic and hormonal studies on several phases of the life cycle of individuals exposed to ibuprofen was adopted in order to deepen the understanding of impacts of this pharmaceutical on individuals. This approach reveals a mechanism of action similar to the pharmacological mode of action on vertebrates of this pharmaceutical. Those perturbations are associated with crucial changes in the physiological state of their progeny. The identified modifications include ecdysone signalling potentialization and stress response mechanism over-representation, leading to a faster development and an increased tolerance to starvation of this progeny. Overall, our approach highlights the importance of taking into account the all life cycle of organisms, including their progeny, in ecotoxicological risk assessment.