Definition of the design evolution of the Hellenic Ionic Order and Ionic votive column typology is at present hampered by lacunae in knowledge regarding the Archaic Ionic capital in its foundational phase in architectural and gIyptic art. The study identifies comprehensive contextually based typological knowledge of the Archaic Ionic capital as prerequisite to further understanding of its founding, in itself required to complete a design history of the Ionic Order and Ionic votive column. In this study this knowledge is represented in the form of a corpus where lacunae in current databases, typological ordering models and subsequent typological interpretations of the capital are filled through the inclusion of new data, integration of existing ordering models and through introducing new dimensions of interpretation. The study discloses! style evolution as well as the design and making processes inherent to the early Ionic capital, and defines the early Ionic capital as one of the artifacts from which a particular focus of cultural endeavour in the Archaic Hellenic period may be reconstructed. Conclusions from the revisionary typological interpretation are employed in the formulation of a critical framework within which the achieved conclusions may be brought in relation with relevant contextual evidence and typological interpretations from other cultural enclaves, from which a history of the early Ionic capital may be constructed. The framework includes identification of existing interpretations and knowledge which have become irrelevant and the still required research, which may be brought in relation to existing knowledge. The achieved ordering model, typological interpretation and historiographical framework together act as open-ended reference, interpretive and explorative tools for further cross-disciplinary research into the evolution of the early Ionic capital as well as its architectural and artistic context. This is due to their integrative, comprehensive and contextual nature, as well as their formulation which accommodates changes emanating from future archaeological interpretation. / Thesis (PhD (Architecture))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Architecture / unrestricted

Socrates claimed Daedalus, the mythical first architect, as his ancestor. Taking this as a point of departure, the thesis explores the relationship between architecture and speculative thought, and shows how the latter is grounded in the former. A detailed examination of the Anaximander fragment, the earliest surviving record in Western philosophy, is considered in relation to Anaximander's built work. This three-part cosmic model which included a celestial sphere, the first map of the world, and a sun clock (the gnomon), reveals the fragment to be a theory of the work in that the cosmic order Anaximander was the first to articulate was discovered through the building of the model. The model is seen as comparable to a daidalon, a creation of Daedalus, whose legend reflects the importance of craft in the self-consciousness of archaic Greece where the kosmos (order) of civilization were seen as having emerged with the kosmos allowed to appear through the making of the artifact. Archaic self-consciousness is further examined through the emergence of the Greek city-state (the polis) and in the building of the first peripteral temples, both of which are revealed as necessary antecedents to birth of theory, understood as the wondering admiration of the well-made thing.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 319-335). / The dissertation traces the sources of modern Greek architectural discourse in the first period of the modern Greek State following Independence and under the monarchy of Bavarian King Othon I (1834-1862). Its intent is to provide an informed account, first, of the intellectual and ideological dynamic wherein the profession of the modern architect developed in Greece in contradistinction to that of the empirical masterbuilder; and second, of the cognitive realm whereby modern Greeks formed their architectural perception relative to the emerging phenomenon of the westernized city. The dissertation offers a methodical survey of Greek sources of organized discourse on architecture authored mainly by non-architect scholars at the time. The focus of the writings is Athens, the reborn city-capital in which westernization manifested its effects most prominently. Monumentality, a concept with implications of cosmological unity and sharing in the same communicative framework, serves as a working conceptual tool which fa cilitates the identification, categorization, and analysis of different models of thought in reference to key architectural ideas (e.g., beauty, imitation, dignity). Special heed is paid to the writers' attitude relative to the country's monuments, both old and new, which were now considered the principal activators of ethnic unity, cultural assimilation, and national identification for diverse urban populations under the call for a return to the country's "Golden Age." The texts reveal that the urge for nation-building under the aegis of a centralized authority provided but little room for the development of disinterested discourse on architecture as opposed to instructive discourse which often followed the path of prescriptive or ideological reasoning. Bipolarity, moralism, reliance on precedent, and impermeability of boundaries were some of the characteristics of this reasoning. Architecture, in particular, was subjected to an ideologically-based dichotomy of classicism and romanticism which in theory obstructed any fruitful amalgamation of the two intellectual paradigms and which, in effect, displaced any organic/ evolutionist patterns of thought. The dissertation presents the discourse of the Greek philologist-archaeologists as the most influential in the shaping of the theoretical foundations of architecture as a new discipline, in the universalization of neoclassicism as the official style, and in the promotion of monumentality as the preferred rhetorical strategy toward the reacquisition of the country's ancient glory. The written and visual texts of the philologist- archaeologist Stephanos A. Koumanoudis (1818-1899) are set forth as telling witnesses of the relevance of this discourse to architecture, as well as of the positive and negative aspects of such a conjunction. The dissertation finally argues that organic practices of space use and manipulation with roots in the vernacular tradition persisted through the new era and informed people's response to building problems in the new city, yet now coupled with the rational categories of modernity as introduced by the aforementioned discourses. / by Irene Fatsea. / Ph.D.

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Le but de cette étude est de présenter un tableau des questions de défense en Crète aux époques classique et hellénistique. La cité grecque étant une entité double, la défense de la ville n’a pas été séparée de celle de son territoire.<p>Le point de départ de ce travail est le catalogue des fortifications crétoises, qui comprend 61 sites fortifiés (enceintes urbaines, forts et tours isolées).<p>À partir d’une étude qui fait une grande place aux questions de topographie, il a été possible d’une part, de dégager des dynamiques régionales et d’autre part, d’identifier certaines caractéristiques et certaines évolutions dans l’implantation des cités crétoises.<p>L’exemple de la Crète permet d’alimenter le débat sur la place de l’enceinte dans la définition de la cité. Les vestiges archéologiques ne semblent pas aller dans le sens des sources littéraires, selon lesquelles toute cité était nécessairement ceinte d’un rempart. Mais l’existence d’une enceinte semble bien être la marque du statut de cité./This study aims to raise various questions regarding defence in Crete during the classical and Hellenistic Periods. As the Greek city-state was a double entity, it seemed important to not separate the defence of the town from the defence of the territory.<p>The starting point of this work was the catalogue of Cretan fortifications, which contains 61 fortified sites (city walls, forts and watch-towers).<p>Topography plays a key role in the study therefore it is possible, on the one hand to separate regional dynamics of some cities and, on the other, to identify certain characteristics and evolutions in the settlement of Cretan cities.<p>The example of Crete encourages the debate on the role of the city-wall in the definition of the city-state. Archaeological remains do not seem not to agree with literary sources which declare that every town had a wall. However the existence of a city-wall appears to be indicative of the city-state. / Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished