La présente thèse se propose de mettre en valeur le développement d’une archivistique chinoise moderne et de l’usage social des archives depuis le milieu du XXe siècle, à la lumière de l’évolution de l’État et de la société. La thèse comporte cinq chapitres. Le premier est un rappel de l’histoire politique de la Chine et de son impact socioculturel sur les archives et le métier d’archiviste. Le deuxième présente l’évolution de l’archivistique chinoise, afin d’expliquer le contexte dans lequel s'établissent la communication et la valorisation des archives. Le troisième traite des origines et de la formation de la législation archivistique en Chine à l'époque contemporaine : législation archivistique générale et spécifique, se rapportant à la communication. Il s’agit d’une base essentielle dans le domaine de la communication des archives. Le quatrième chapitre présente une étude des politiques de communication des archives en Chine et donne des éléments de comparaison avec la situation en France, allant jusqu’au fonctionnement des salles de lecture – lieux où les archivistes et leurs « clients » se rencontrent et où s’appliquent les textes législatifs et réglementaires. Le dernier chapitre aborde le problème des relations entre les archivistes et le public, qui s’établissent et se développent notamment dans le cadre d'activités culturelles, principaux moyens de valorisation des archives conservées : publications, expositions, sur site et en ligne. / This thesis proposes to develop a modern Chinese archival science and the social use of archives since the mid-twentieth century in the light of the evolution of the state and society value. It is composed of five parts: First of all, we are going to take a historical review with its impact on the archives and the profession of archives in a socio-cultural aspect. Second of all, we’ll look back into the evolution of the archives in China so as to make clearer the context in which the communication and the valorization of the archives have been established. In the third part are explained the origin and the development of the archival legislation in China, from the Qing dynasty till nowadays. Here we’ll consider the legislation of archives in general and the one who concerns more specifically the communication of archives. It’s the basis that is essential to the communication of archives. The forth part presents a comparative study of Chinese politic about the archives communication comparing with that of France, as well as the organization of the lecture rooms— locations where the archivists and their “customers” get in touch with each other directly, are also where confront usually some contradictions. In the last part, we’ll examine the relations between the archivists and its public, which are generally recognized, particularly when it comes to cultural activities, as important means to promote the archives conserved, including the publication, the on-site and virtual exhibitions.

Public programming initiatives are considered as an integral part of archival operations because they support greater use of archival records. This study investigated public programming practises in the ESARBICA region. The findings of the study were determined after applying methodological triangulation, within a quantitative research context. This included the use of self-administered questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and the analysis of documents and websites. Participants in this study were ESARBICA board members, Directors of the National Archives and archivists from the ESARBICA region. Nine (69.2%) national directors representing different member states completed the questionnaire and eight archivists from the same region were interviewed. Furthermore, three ESARBICA board members were also interviwed. Legislation and country reports from ESARBICA member states were reviewed, together with websites of institutions within the ESARBICA region that offered archival education and training. Findings of the study indicated that public programming initiatives were not a priority. Reasons for this included lack of public programming policies, budgetary constraints, shortage of staff and lack of transport. Furthermore, the national archives were reluctant to rope in technology to promote their archives. Collaboration efforts with regard to promoting archives were shallow. Moreover, the investigation of user needs was restricted to existing users of the archives. In addition to all this, the archivists felt that they needed to improve their public programming skills. The study therefore suggests that the national archives of ESARBICA should focus on: legislation, public programming policies, advocacy, users, partnerships and skills. Taking these factors into consideration, an inclusive and integrated public programming framework was developed and proposed as a possible measure for improving public programming efforts in the ESARBICA region. / Information Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Information Science)

Ce mémoire a été réalisé dans le cadre d'un séjour de recherche à l'Université d'État des Sciences Humaines de Russie (RGGU), Moscou. / Pour gérer les complexes documentaires générés au cours de son histoire, chaque pays crée un système archivistique constitué d’organes directeurs, de centres de conservation ainsi que d’institutions auxiliaires. Ce système interagit avec les gouvernements pour la gestion des documents des organismes d’État ainsi que des archives historiques. Il se développe différemment suivant les aléas de l’évolution politique, sociale et économique nationale. Au XXe siècle, l’Union Soviétique possédait un système archivistique original, basé sur des principes maximalistes de centralisation totale des archives. Au début des années 1990, la transition politique et économique a provoqué une série de changements pour le système archivistique russe : introduction d’une législation archivistique, apparition d’un secteur privé, etc. Plus largement, le cas russe a posé la question de l’adaptation des systèmes archivistiques face au changement historique. Ce mémoire veut donner un aperçu des changements survenus dans le système archivistique russe de 1991 à 2011, à travers une étude du contexte historique, une analyse quantitative et qualitative de l’évolution de la législation archivistique, une analyse de contenu des principaux actes de cette législation, ainsi qu’un aperçu de la situation des services d’archives non-étatiques, pour illustrer l’ampleur des changements apportés au système. Grâce à ces différentes étapes, ce mémoire rendra plus compréhensibles les processus d’adaptation du système archivistique russe, en illustrant notamment l’apparition et le contenu de la législation archivistique, ses effets et les problèmes rencontrés. Il montrera finalement la dynamique particulière établie entre l’ancien et le nouveau. / To administrate the records complexes generated during their history, countries create archival systems, composed of leading organs, conservation centers and auxiliary institutions. These systems interact with governments for the management of State’s organisms’ and historical records. They develop differently according to the circumstances of national political, social and economical evolution. During the 20th century, the Soviet Union possessed a unique archival system, based on maximalist principles of total archives’ centralisation. At the beginning of the 90’s, the political and economical transition provoked a succession of changes for the Russian archival system: introduction of an archival legislation, apparition of a private sector, etc. To a large extent, the Russian case illustrates the question of the adaptation of archival systems facing historical changes. The present thesis aims to give an overview of the changes that happened in the Russian archival system from 1991 to 2011, with a study of the historical context, a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the archival legislation’s evolution, a content analysis of the main acts of this legislation, and also an overview of the non-state archives’ situation, to illustrate the magnitude of the changes brought to this system. Thanks to these different steps, this thesis will allow a better comprehension of the adaptation’s processes of the Russian archival system, by illustrating the apparition and the content of the archival legislation, its effects and the problems encountered. It will show finally the special dynamics between the old and the new.

Pour gérer les complexes documentaires générés au cours de son histoire, chaque pays crée un système archivistique constitué d’organes directeurs, de centres de conservation ainsi que d’institutions auxiliaires. Ce système interagit avec les gouvernements pour la gestion des documents des organismes d’État ainsi que des archives historiques. Il se développe différemment suivant les aléas de l’évolution politique, sociale et économique nationale. Au XXe siècle, l’Union Soviétique possédait un système archivistique original, basé sur des principes maximalistes de centralisation totale des archives. Au début des années 1990, la transition politique et économique a provoqué une série de changements pour le système archivistique russe : introduction d’une législation archivistique, apparition d’un secteur privé, etc. Plus largement, le cas russe a posé la question de l’adaptation des systèmes archivistiques face au changement historique. Ce mémoire veut donner un aperçu des changements survenus dans le système archivistique russe de 1991 à 2011, à travers une étude du contexte historique, une analyse quantitative et qualitative de l’évolution de la législation archivistique, une analyse de contenu des principaux actes de cette législation, ainsi qu’un aperçu de la situation des services d’archives non-étatiques, pour illustrer l’ampleur des changements apportés au système. Grâce à ces différentes étapes, ce mémoire rendra plus compréhensibles les processus d’adaptation du système archivistique russe, en illustrant notamment l’apparition et le contenu de la législation archivistique, ses effets et les problèmes rencontrés. Il montrera finalement la dynamique particulière établie entre l’ancien et le nouveau. / To administrate the records complexes generated during their history, countries create archival systems, composed of leading organs, conservation centers and auxiliary institutions. These systems interact with governments for the management of State’s organisms’ and historical records. They develop differently according to the circumstances of national political, social and economical evolution. During the 20th century, the Soviet Union possessed a unique archival system, based on maximalist principles of total archives’ centralisation. At the beginning of the 90’s, the political and economical transition provoked a succession of changes for the Russian archival system: introduction of an archival legislation, apparition of a private sector, etc. To a large extent, the Russian case illustrates the question of the adaptation of archival systems facing historical changes. The present thesis aims to give an overview of the changes that happened in the Russian archival system from 1991 to 2011, with a study of the historical context, a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the archival legislation’s evolution, a content analysis of the main acts of this legislation, and also an overview of the non-state archives’ situation, to illustrate the magnitude of the changes brought to this system. Thanks to these different steps, this thesis will allow a better comprehension of the adaptation’s processes of the Russian archival system, by illustrating the apparition and the content of the archival legislation, its effects and the problems encountered. It will show finally the special dynamics between the old and the new. / Ce mémoire a été réalisé dans le cadre d'un séjour de recherche à l'Université d'État des Sciences Humaines de Russie (RGGU), Moscou.

Public programming initiatives are considered as an integral part of archival operations because they support greater use of archival records. This study investigated public programming practises in the ESARBICA region. The findings of the study were determined after applying methodological triangulation, within a quantitative research context. This included the use of self-administered questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and the analysis of documents and websites. Participants in this study were ESARBICA board members, Directors of the National Archives and archivists from the ESARBICA region. Nine (69.2%) national directors representing different member states completed the questionnaire and eight archivists from the same region were interviewed. Furthermore, three ESARBICA board members were also interviwed. Legislation and country reports from ESARBICA member states were reviewed, together with websites of institutions within the ESARBICA region that offered archival education and training. Findings of the study indicated that public programming initiatives were not a priority. Reasons for this included lack of public programming policies, budgetary constraints, shortage of staff and lack of transport. Furthermore, the national archives were reluctant to rope in technology to promote their archives. Collaboration efforts with regard to promoting archives were shallow. Moreover, the investigation of user needs was restricted to existing users of the archives. In addition to all this, the archivists felt that they needed to improve their public programming skills. The study therefore suggests that the national archives of ESARBICA should focus on: legislation, public programming policies, advocacy, users, partnerships and skills. Taking these factors into consideration, an inclusive and integrated public programming framework was developed and proposed as a possible measure for improving public programming efforts in the ESARBICA region. / Information Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Information Science)