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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Constru??o, caracteriza??o e aplica??o de eletrodos para descarga por arco de c?todo oco

Almeida, Edalmy Oliveira de 27 June 2008 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:06:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EdalmyOA.pdf: 3019202 bytes, checksum: 652b61310237ca737b3decb6945b78be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The system built to characterize electrodes and, consequently, deposited fine films are constituted by a hollow cathode that works to discharges and low pressures (approximately 10-3 to 5 mbar), a source DC (0 to 1200 V), a cylindrical camera of closed borossilicato for flanges of stainless steel with an association of vacuum bombs mechanical and spread. In the upper flange it is connected the system of hollow cathode, which possesses an entrance of gas and two entrances for its refrigeration, the same is electrically isolated of the rest of the equipment and it is polarized negatively. In front of the system of hollow cathode there is a movable sample in stainless steel with possibility of moving in the horizontal and vertical. In the vertical, the sample can vary its distance between 0 and 70 mm and, in the horizontal, can leave completely from the front of the hollow cathode. The sample and also the cathode hollow are equipped with cromel-alumel termopares with simultaneous reading of the temperatures during the time of treatment. In this work copper electrodes, bronze, titanium, iron, stainless steel, powder of titanium, powder of titanium and sil?cio, glass and ceramic were used. The electrodes were investigated relating their geometry change and behavior of the plasma of the cavity of hollow cathode and channel of the gas. As the cavity of hollow cathode, the analyzed aspects were the diameter and depth. With the channel of the gas, we verified the diameter. In the two situations, we investigated parameters as flow of the gas, pressure, current and applied tension in the electrode, temperature, loss of mass of the electrode with relationship at the time of use. The flow of gas investigated in the electrodes it was fastened in a work strip from 15 to 6 sccm, the constant pressure of work was among 2.7 to 8 x 10-2 mbar. The applied current was among a strip of work from 0,8 to 0,4 A, and their respective tensions were in a strip from 400 to 220 V. Fixing the value of the current, it was possible to lift the curve of the behavior of the tension with the time of use. That curves esteem in that time of use of the electrode to its efficiency is maximum. The temperatures of the electrodes were in the dependence of that curves showing a maximum temperature when the tension was maximum, yet the measured temperatures in the samples showed to be sensitive the variation of the temperature in the electrodes. An accompaniment of the loss of mass of the electrode relating to its time of use showed that the electrodes that appeared the spherical cavities lost more mass in comparison with the electrodes in that didn't appear. That phenomenon is only seen for pressures of 10-2 mbar, in these conditions a plasma column is formed inside of the channel of the gas and in certain points it is concentrated in form of spheres. Those spherical cavities develop inside of the channel of the gas spreading during the whole extension of the channel of the gas. The used electrodes were cut after they could not be more used, however among those electrodes, films that were deposited in alternate times and the electrodes that were used to deposit films in same times, those films were deposited in the glass substrata, alumina, stainless steel 420, stainless steel 316, sil?cio and steel M2. As the eletros used to deposit films in alternate time as the ones that they were used to deposit in same times, the behavior of the thickness of the film obeyed the curve of the tension with relationship the time of use of the electrode, that is, when the tension was maximum, the thickness of the film was also maximum and when the tension was minimum, the thickness was minimum and in the case where the value of the tension was constant, the thickness of the film tends to be constant. The fine films that were produced they had applications with nano stick, bio-compatibility, cellular growth, inhibition of bacterias, cut tool, metallic leagues, brasagem, pineapple fiber and ornamental. In those films it was investigated the thickness, the adherence and the uniformity characterized by sweeping electronic microscopy. Another technique developed to assist the production and characterization of the films produced in that work was the caloteste. It uses a sphere and abrasive to mark the sample with a cap impression, with that cap form it is possible to calculate the thickness of the film. Through the time of life of the cathode, it was possible to evaluate the rate of waste of its material for the different work conditions. Values of waste rate up to 3,2 x 10-6 g/s were verified. For a distance of the substratum of 11 mm, the deposited film was limited to a circular area of 22 mm diameter mm for high pressures and a circular area of 75 mm for pressure strip. The obtained films presented thickness around 2,1 ?m, showing that the discharge of arch of hollow cathode in argon obeys a curve characteristic of the tension with the time of life of the eletrodo. The deposition rate obtained in this system it is of approximately 0,18 ?m/min / O sistema constru?do para caracterizar eletrodos e, conseq?entemente, filmes finos depositados ? constitu?do por um c?todo oco que trabalha a altas e baixas press?es (aproximadamente 10-3 a 5 mbar), uma fonte DC (0 a 1200 V), uma c?mara cil?ndrica de borossilicato fechada por flanges de a?o inox com uma associa??o de bombas de v?cuo mec?nica e difusora. No flange superior est? conectado o sistema de c?todo oco, o qual possui uma entrada de g?s e duas entradas para a sua refrigera??o, o mesmo est? eletricamente isolado do resto do equipamento e ? polarizado negativamente. Em frente ao sistema de c?todo oco encontra-se um porta amostra em a?o inox m?vel com possibilidade de se mover na horizontal e vertical. Na vertical, o porta amostra pode variar a sua dist?ncia entre 0 e 70 mm e, na horizontal, pode sair completamente da frente do c?todo oco. Tanto o porta amostra como o c?todo oco s?o equipados com termopares de cromel-alumel com leitura simult?nea das temperaturas durante o tempo de tratamento. Neste trabalho foram utilizados eletrodos de cobre, bronze, tit?nio, ferro, a?o inox, p? de tit?nio, p? de tit?nio e sil?cio, vidro e cer?mica. Os eletrodos foram investigados com rela??o a sua mudan?a de geometria e comportamento do plasma dentro da cavidade de c?todo oco e canal do g?s. Quanto a cavidade de c?todo oco, os aspectos analisados foram o di?metro e sua profundidade. Com o canal do g?s, verificamos o di?metro. Nas duas situa??es, investigamos par?metros como fluxo do g?s, press?o, corrente e tens?o aplicada no eletrodo, temperatura, perda de massa do eletrodo com rela??o ao tempo de uso. O fluxo de g?s investigado nos eletrodos foi fixado em uma faixa de trabalho de 15 a 6 sccm, a press?o constante de trabalho ficou entre 2.7 a 8 x 10-2 mbar. A corrente aplicada foi entre uma faixa de trabalho de 0,8 a 0,4 A, e as suas respectivas tens?es ficaram em uma faixa de 400 a 220 V. Fixando o valor da corrente, foi poss?vel levantar a curva do comportamento da tens?o com o tempo de uso. Essa curva estima em que tempo de uso do eletrodo a sua efici?ncia ? m?xima. As temperaturas dos eletrodos ficaram na depend?ncia dessa curva mostrando uma temperatura m?xima quando a tens?o era m?xima, j? as temperaturas medidas nas amostras mostraram ser sens?veis a varia??o da temperatura no eletrodo. Um acompanhamento da perda de massa do eletrodo com rela??o ao seu tempo de uso mostrou que os eletrodos que apareceram as cavidades esf?ricas perderam mais massa em compara??o aos eletrodos em que essas n?o apareceram. Esse fen?meno s? ? visto para press?es de 10-2 mbar, nestas condi??es uma coluna de plasma se forma dentro do canal do g?s e em determinados pontos fica concentrado em forma de esferas. Essas cavidades esf?ricas evoluem dentro do canal do g?s se propagando durante toda a extens?o do canal do g?s. Os eletros utilizados foram cortados depois que n?o puderam ser mais usados, no entanto entre esses eletrodos filmes que foram depositados em tempos alternados e os eletrodos que foram utilizados para depositar filmes em tempos iguais, esses filmes foram depositados nos substratos de vidro, alumina, a?o inox 420, a?o inox 316, sil?cio e a?o M2. Tanto os eletros usados para depositar filmes em tempo alternado como os que foram usados para depositar em tempos iguais, o comportamento da espessura do filme obedeceu a curva da tens?o com rela??o ao tempo de uso do eletrodo, isto ?, quando a tens?o era m?xima, a espessura do filme tamb?m foi m?xima e quando a tens?o era m?nima, a espessura foi m?nima e no caso onde o valor da tens?o foi constante, a espessura do filme tende a ficar constante. Os filmes finos que foram produzidos tiveram aplica??es com nano bast?o, bio-compatibilidade, crescimento celular, inibi??o de bact?rias, ferramenta de corte, ligas met?licas, brasagem, fibra de abacaxi e decorativos. Nesses filmes foi investigada a espessura, a ader?ncia e a uniformidade caracterizadas por microscopia eletr?nica de varredura. Outra t?cnica desenvolvida para atender a produ??o e caracteriza??o dos filmes produzidos nesse trabalho foi o caloteste. Ele se utiliza de uma esfera e abrasivo para marcar a amostra com uma impress?o de calota, com essa forma de calota ? poss?vel calcular a espessura do filme. Atrav?s do tempo de vida do c?todo, foi poss?vel avaliar a taxa de desgaste do seu material para as diferentes condi??es de trabalho. Valores de taxa de desgaste at? 3,2 x 10-6 g/s foram verificados. Para uma dist?ncia do substrato de 11 mm, o filme depositado ficou limitado a uma ?rea circular de 22 mm de di?metro para press?es altas e uma ?rea circular de 75 mm para faixa de press?o. Os filmes obtidos apresentaram espessura em torno de 2,1 ?m, mostrando que a descarga de arco de c?todo oco em arg?nio obedece a uma curva caracter?stica da tens?o com o tempo de vida do eletrodo. A taxa de deposi??o obtida neste sistema ? de aproximadamente 0,18 ?m/min

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