Diversas doenças emergentes, lesões e agentes infecciosos em mamíferos marinhos foram identificados pela primeira vez em animais encalhados. No Brasil, é comum a ocorrência de encalhes de lobos marinhos que se encontram debilitados e/ou enfermos. Devido à falta de estudos recentes que descrevam as principais causas de morte e alterações histopatológicas nos animais encalhados, o presente trabalho visa contribuir para a patologia comparada e, indiretamente, para a conservação de pinípedes por meio da investigação das principais lesões, enfermidades e causas de morte que acometem estas espécies no sul do Brasil. Para esse estudo, foram analisadas amostras de tecidos de 50 indivíduos de duas espécies de lobos marinhos: lobo-marinho-sul-americano (Arctocephalus australis) e lobo-marinho-subantártico (Artocephalus tropicalis), que foram encontrados ao longo da costa brasileira, incluindo cadáveres e animais recebidos vivos e que vieram a óbito em centros de reabilitação no Brasil. Essas amostras estão armazenadas no Banco de Tecido de Mamíferos Marinhos e foram avaliadas, identificadas e processadas no Laboratório de Histologia do VPT/FMVZ. Os achados histopatológicos que tiveram ocorrência superior ou igual a 30% foram: pneumonia (90%; 44/49), hiperplasia linfoide em linfonodo (59%; 19/32), congestão hepática (55%; 27/49), hiperplasia linfoide esplênica (55%; 24/44), edema pulmonar (53%; 26/49), enterite em intestino delgado (51%; 18/35), traqueíte (45%; 14/31), hepatite (43%; 21/49), enterite em intestino grosso (42%; 13/31), congestão pulmonar (33%; 16/49), expansão folicular em linfonodo (31%; 10/32) e glomerulonefrite membranosa (30%; 14/47). Dois casos de interesse especial foram reportados; um indíviduo de A. australis com possível causa de morte associada a meningoencefalite causada por protozoário da família Sarcocystidae e um indíviduo de A. tropicalis em que foi observado linfoma. Em uma análise geral, o principal sistema acometido foi o respiratório com 34% (17/50) dos casos, seguido por processos infecciosos, registrados em 28% (14/50) dos casos, sendo que infecções parasitárias por parafilaroides representaram 30,7% (4/13) das causas de morte de A. tropicalis. Dentre os infecciosos, a septicemia representou 42% (6/14) dos casos e foi reportada com maior frequência em A. australis. As outras causas de morte também observadas foram: nutricional (caquexia) 10% (5/50), indeterminada 10% (5/50), digestivo (enterite e hepatite) 6%(3/50), circulatório (choque) 6% (3/50), metabólico (estresse) 4% (2/50) e neoplasia (linfoma), observada em um único caso. Acreditamos que a análise dos dados obtidos no presente trabalho poderá fornecer um panorama sobre as doenças que indivíduos dessas espécies em vida livre possam apresentar em situações de encalhe e durante a reabilitação. Quantificar e entender as causas de encalhe de pinípedes irá fornecer importantes dados aos centros de reabilitação, que por sua vez, poderão utilizar essas informações para planejar cuidados veterinários adequados / Many emerging diseases, injuries and infectious agents in marine mammals have been identified for the first time in stranded animals. Stranding of fur seals that are weak and/or debilitated is common in Brazil. Due to lack of recent studies describing the main causes of death and histopathological changes in stranded animals, this paper aims to contribute to the comparative pathology and indirectly, for the conservation of pinnipeds, by investigating major injuries, illnesses and causes of death that affect these animals in southern Brazil. For this study, we analyzed tissue samples from 50 individuals from two species of sea lions: South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) and Sub-Antarctic fur seal (Artocephalus tropicalis), which were found along the Brazilian coast, including carcasses and animals that died in rehabilitation centers in Brazil. These samples are stored in the Marine Mammal Tissue Bank and were evaluated, identified and processed in the Laboratory of Histology (VPT/FMVZ). Histopathological findings that had occurrence equal to 30 % or higher were: pneumonia (90%; 44/49), lymphoid hyperplasia in lymph node (59%; 19/32), hepatic congestion (55%; 27/49), splenic lymphoid hyperplasia (55%; 24/44), pulmonary edema (53%; 26/49), small intestine enteritis (51%; 18/35), tracheitis (45%; 14/31), hepatitis (43%; 21/4 9), large intestine enteritis (42%; 13/31), pulmonary congestion (33%; 16/49), follicular expansion in lymph node (31%; 10/32) and membranous glomerulonephritis (30%; 14/47). Two cases of special interest were reported; one individual of A. australis, with cause of death possibly associated with meningoencephalitis caused by protozoa of Sarcocystidae family, and one individual of A. tropicalis, where lymphoma was observed. In an overview, the main affected system was respiratory with 34% (17/50) of the cases, followed by infectious processes, recorded in 28% (14/50) of the cases, in which Parafilaroides parasitic infections accounted for 30.7% (4/13) of the causes of death for A. tropicalis. Among the infectious process, septicemia accounted for 42% (6/14) of the cases and was more frequently reported in A. australis. Other causes of death that were also observed were: Nutritional (cachexia) 10% (5/50), undetermined 10% (5/50), digestive (enteritis and hepatitis) 6% (3/50), circulatory (shock) 6% (3/50), metabolic (stress) 4% (2/50) and neoplasia (lymphoma), observed in a single case. We believe that the analysis of the data obtained in this study may provide an overview of the diseases that wild individuals of these species can present in stranding situations and during rehabilitation. Quantifying and understanding the causes of strandings in pinnipeds, will provide important data for rehabilitation centers, which in turn may use this information to plan appropriate veterinary care

Foraging forms the cornerstone of an animal’s life-history. An individual's foraging success shapes the demography and health of a population. Understanding key facets of maternal foraging behaviour are crucial to get a holistic picture of both regional and local environmental factors that drive foraging behaviour. This study aimed to measure the maternal foraging behaviour of a marine top predator, the Subantarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis), from Marion Island (MI) over a range of spatial and temporal scales. Arctocephalus tropicalis females from MI have one of the longest duration foraging trips for the species. They are most similar to conspecifics at temperate Amsterdam Island, but differ considerably from those at subantarctic Îles Crozet and Macquarie Island. Hitherto, no diving data existed for MI females. I illustrate how their diving behaviour is more similar to individuals from Îles Crozet despite their differences in foraging trip parameters. Together with Îles Crozet, MI females have one of the deepest mean diving depths (34.5 ± 2.2 m , 45.2 ± 4.8 m summer and winter respectively) and longest dive durations (70.2 ± 3 s , 104.3 ± 7.8 s summer and winter respectively) for the species. In summer, females follow the diel vertical migration of their myctophid prey. Counter intuitively, during the winter, females performed short and shallow crepuscular dives, possibly foraging on different prey. Considering that these individuals dive in deep waters, this is most likely related to myctophids occupying lower depths in the water column during winter. At dusk and dawn they are inaccessible to diving fur seals. At-sea data from multiple foraging trips per female illustrated that females have both a colony- and individual preferred foraging direction which varied seasonally. Individuals travelled consistently in the same direction regionally, but locally appear to track prey in a heterogeneous environment. The few trips in the winter to the west of MI suggest that this is a short-term response to varying prey availability rather than a long-term foraging tactic. Six years of observer-based attendance cycle data were used to augment telemetry data. Multi-state mark-recapture models were used to determine the probability of a female being missed when she was present (detection probability). Attendance data were corrected accordingly. Neither El Niño (EN) nor anomalous seasurface temperature (SSTa) influenced any of the attendance cycle parameters, as foraging trip duration is a poor predictor of weak environmental change. Only season and pup sex had a significant impact on female provisioning rates. Foraging trip duration was longer during winter than during summer. Females spent a higher percentage of time on land when they had female pups rather than male pups. Although observational attendance data remain useful it ideally requires concomitant data on pup growth, production and female body condition to elucidate changes in female provisioning rates. Temporally, season had the most influence on female foraging behaviour. Spatially, it appears that a lack of prominent local bathymetrical features overshadows MI's favourable position in the productive Polar Frontal Zone. Arctocephalus tropicalis females from MI work harder at foraging than at any other island population of conspecifics. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Zoology and Entomology / Unrestricted