Lam, Hilary. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 182-191). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.I / ABSTRACT --- p.III / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.V / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.X / LIST OF TABLES --- p.XIX / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.XXII / Chapter Chapter 1: --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.1 / Chapter 1. --- Aristolochia --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- "Aristolochia, as a plant" --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- The chemicals in Aristolochia --- p.1 / Chapter 1.3 --- "Aristolochia, as herbal remedies" --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- The Aristolochia poisoning cases --- p.4 / Chapter 1.5 --- The mechanism of AAs --- p.6 / Chapter 1.6 --- Renaming CHN to AAN --- p.6 / Chapter 1.7 --- Banning Aristolochia herbs --- p.7 / Chapter 1.8 --- The possible cause of ANN --- p.8 / Chapter 1.8.1 --- Misuse of Chinese Medicine --- p.8 / Chapter 1.8.2 --- Substitution --- p.9 / Chapter 1.8.3 --- The complexities of the herbal nomenclature --- p.9 / Chapter 1.8.4 --- Adulteration --- p.11 / Chapter 1.9 --- Methods for authenication --- p.12 / Chapter 1.9.1 --- Traditional methods for authentication --- p.12 / Chapter 1.9.2 --- The advantage of using molecular methods --- p.13 / Chapter 1.9.2.1 --- DNA fingerprinting --- p.13 / Chapter 1.9.2.2 --- DNA sequencing --- p.15 / Chapter 1.10 --- Method selection rationale --- p.15 / Chapter 1.11 --- The need for molecular authentication of six medicinal herbs --- p.17 / Chapter 1.11.1 --- The herb Mutong --- p.17 / Chapter 1.11.1.1 --- The poisoning cases reported --- p.19 / Chapter 1.11.1.2 --- Other authentication studies of Mutong --- p.19 / Chapter 1.11.2 --- The herb Muxiang --- p.20 / Chapter 1.11.2.1 --- Chemical profile --- p.21 / Chapter 1.11.2.2 --- Other authentication studies of Muxiang --- p.21 / Chapter 1.11.3 --- The herb Baiying --- p.22 / Chapter 1.11.3.1 --- The poisoning cases reported --- p.23 / Chapter 1.11.3.2 --- Other authentication studies of Baiying --- p.24 / Chapter 1.11.4 --- The herb Fangj --- p.i 24 / Chapter 1.11.4.1 --- Chemical profile --- p.25 / Chapter 1.11.4.2 --- The poisoning cases reported --- p.26 / Chapter 1.11.5 --- The herb Madouling --- p.26 / Chapter 1.11.6 --- The herb Zhushalian --- p.27 / Chapter 1.12 --- Aristolochia specific markers --- p.28 / Chapter 1.13 --- Significance of the research --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- OBJECTIVE --- p.30 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.31 / Chapter 3.1 --- Samples source --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2 --- Total DNA extraction --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Cetyltriethylammonium bromide extraction --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Commercial kit extraction --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3 --- DNA amplification --- p.42 / Chapter 3.4 --- DNA fingerprinting --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- DNA concentration determination --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- ISSR fingerprinting --- p.44 / Chapter 3.5 --- Agarose gel electrophoresis --- p.45 / Chapter 3.6 --- Purification of PCR product --- p.46 / Chapter 3.7 --- Cloning of PCR product --- p.47 / Chapter 3.7.1 --- Ligation --- p.47 / Chapter 3.7.2 --- Transformation --- p.48 / Chapter 3.7.3 --- Cell cultivation --- p.48 / Chapter 3.7.4 --- Plasmid extraction --- p.49 / Chapter 3.7.5 --- Insert confirmation --- p.49 / Chapter 3.8 --- DNA sequencing --- p.50 / Chapter 3.8.1 --- Cycle sequencing --- p.50 / Chapter 3.8.2 --- Purification of cycle sequencing product --- p.51 / Chapter 3.8.3 --- DNA analysis --- p.51 / Chapter 3.9 --- Sequence analysis --- p.52 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- AUTHENICATION OF MUTONG --- p.53 / Chapter 4.1 --- Results --- p.53 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Sequence alignment --- p.54 / Chapter 4.1.1.1 --- trnL-trnF sequences --- p.54 / Chapter 4.1.1.2 --- psbA-trnH sequences --- p.55 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Percentage similarity analysis --- p.64 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Dendrogram analysis --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2 --- Discussion --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Evaluation of chloroplast trnL-trnF region in differentiation of Mutong --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Evaluation of chloroplast psbA-trnH region in differentiation of Mutong --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Evaluation of using DNA sequencing in differentiation of Mutong --- p.75 / Chapter 4.3 --- Conclusion --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- AUTHENICATION OF MUXIANG --- p.78 / Chapter 5.1 --- Results --- p.78 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Sequence alignment --- p.79 / Chapter 5.1.1.1 --- trnL-trnF sequences --- p.79 / Chapter 5.1.1.2 --- psbA-trnH sequences --- p.80 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Percentage similarity analysis --- p.88 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Dendrogram study --- p.91 / Chapter 5.2 --- Discussion --- p.97 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Evaluation of chloroplast trnL-trnF region in differentiation of Muxiang --- p.97 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Evaluation of chloroplast psbA-trnH region in differentiation of Muxiang --- p.99 / Chapter 5.3 --- Conclusion --- p.100 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- AUTHENICATION OF BAIYING --- p.102 / Chapter 6.1 --- Results --- p.102 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Sequence alignment --- p.103 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Percentage similarity analysis --- p.107 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- Dendrogram analysis --- p.107 / Chapter 6.2 --- Discussion --- p.109 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Evaluation of chloroplast psbA-trnH region in differentiation of Solarium and Aristolochia --- p.109 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Molecular authentication of Baiying --- p.112 / Chapter 6.3 --- Conclusion --- p.113 / Chapter Chapter 7: --- AUTHENICATION OF FANGJI --- p.114 / Chapter 7.1 --- Results --- p.114 / Chapter 7.1.1 --- Sequence alignment --- p.115 / Chapter 7.1.1.1 --- trnL-trnF sequence --- p.115 / Chapter 7.1.1.2 --- psbA-trnH sequence --- p.116 / Chapter 7.1.2 --- Percentage similarity analysis --- p.123 / Chapter 7.1.3 --- Dendrogram study --- p.126 / Chapter 7.2 --- Discussion --- p.132 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Evaluation of chloroplast trnL-trnF region in differentiation of Fangji --- p.132 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Evaluation of chloroplast psbA-trnH region in differentiation of Fangji --- p.133 / Chapter 7.3 --- Conclusion --- p.133 / Chapter Chapter 8: --- AUTHENICATION OF MADOULING --- p.135 / Chapter 8.1 --- Results --- p.135 / Chapter 8.1.1 --- Sequence alignment --- p.136 / Chapter 8.1.1.1 --- trnL-trnF sequence --- p.136 / Chapter 8.1.1.2 --- psbA-trnH sequence --- p.136 / Chapter 8.1.2 --- Percentage similarity analysis --- p.143 / Chapter 8.1.3 --- Dendrogram study --- p.146 / Chapter 8.2 --- Discussion --- p.152 / Chapter 8.2.1 --- Evaluation of chloroplast trnL-trnF region in differentiation of Madouling --- p.152 / Chapter 8.2.2 --- Evaluation of chloroplast psbA-trnH region in differentiation of Madouling --- p.153 / Chapter 8.3 --- Conclusion --- p.153 / Chapter Chapter 9: --- AUTHENICATION OF ZHUSHALIAN --- p.155 / Chapter 9.1 --- Results --- p.155 / Chapter 9.1.1 --- Sequence alignment --- p.156 / Chapter 9.1.1.1 --- trnL-trnF sequence --- p.156 / Chapter 9.1.1.2 --- psbA-trnH sequence --- p.157 / Chapter 9.1.2 --- Percentage similarity analysis --- p.157 / Chapter 9.1.3 --- Dendrogram study --- p.162 / Chapter 9.2 --- Discussion --- p.166 / Chapter 9.2.1 --- Evaluation of chloroplast trnL-trnF region in differentiation of Zhushalian --- p.166 / Chapter 9.2.2 --- Evaluation of chloroplast psbA-trnH region in differentiation of Zhushalian --- p.171 / Chapter 9.3 --- Conclusion --- p.171 / Chapter Chapter 10: --- ARISTOLOCHIA SPECIFIC MARKER --- p.172 / Chapter 10.1 --- ISSR fingerprinting --- p.172 / Chapter 10.2 --- Discussion --- p.178 / Chapter Chapter 11: --- CONCLUSION --- p.180 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.182 / APPENDIX - MATERIALS PREPARATION --- p.192