We will survey some of the major directions of research in arithmetic combinatorics and their connections to other fields. We will then discuss three new results. The first result will generalize a structural theorem from Balog and Szemerédi. The second result will establish a new tool in incidence geometry, which should prove useful in attacking combinatorial estimates. The third result evolved from the famous sum-product problem, by providing a partial categorization of bivariate polynomial set functions which induce exponential expansion on all finite sets of real numbers.

This thesis is chiefly concerned with a classical conjecture of Littlewood's regarding the L¹-norm of the Fourier transform, and the closely related idem-potent theorem. The vast majority of the results regarding these problems are, in some sense, qualitative or at the very least infinitary and it has become increasingly apparent that a quantitative state of affairs is desirable. Broadly speaking, the first part of the thesis develops three new tools for tackling the problems above: We prove a new structural theorem for the spectrum of functions in A(G); we extend the notion of local Fourier analysis, pioneered by Bourgain, to a much more general structure, and localize Chang's classic structure theorem as well as our own spectral structure theorem; and we refine some aspects of Freiman's celebrated theorem regarding the structure of sets with small doubling. These tools lead to improvements in a number of existing additive results which we indicate, but for us the main purpose is in application to the analytic problems mentioned above. The second part of the thesis discusses a natural version of Littlewood's problem for finite abelian groups. Here the situation varies wildly with the underlying group and we pay special attention first to the finite field case (where we use Chang's Theorem) and then to the case of residues modulo a prime where we require our new local structure theorem for A(G). We complete the consideration of Littlewood's problem for finite abelian groups by using the local version of Chang's Theorem we have developed. Finally we deploy the Freiman tools along with the extended Fourier analytic techniques to yield a fully quantitative version of the idempotent theorem.