This article studies the ideology which oriented the revolutionary activity of the guerrillas in Peru in 1965. The article argues that in those areas where there were strong peasant organizations the guerrillas were not successful because they were viewed as outsiders. The social and ideological composition of the principal actors (the peasants and the guerrillas) are analyzed, as well as the interaction between the two. The article aims to provide a new reading of the radical leftist guerrilla movements which arose in the mid-sixties. / La ideología que guió la acción revolucionaria de las guerrillas en el Perú en 1965 es el tema del presente artículo. Este sostiene que en aquellas zonas donde hubo una fuerte organización campesina, la guerrilla no tuvo éxito porque fue vista como un elemento externo. En el texto se analizan la composición social e ideología de los principales agentes sociales (campesinos y guerrilleros) y la interacción entre ambos. En suma, se trata de una nueva lectura del accionar de los grupos de izquierda radical a mediados de la década de 1960.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo compreender como as revistas especializadas Sem Terra e Chiapas representam as identidades e as culturas de dois movimentos sociais da América Latina: Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (Brasil) e Exército Zapatista de Libertação Nacional (México). Para tanto, analisaram-se dez reportagens e artigos dessas publicações numa perspectiva qualitativa e comparada, utilizando como ferramentas de interpretação a análise de conteúdo e os conceitos de identidade e cultura de Néstor García Canclini. A partir das análises, percebe-se a ênfase em manifestações culturais populares e tradicionais, que representariam a verdadeira essência de comunidades camponesas ou indígenas. Entretanto, conclui-se que a identidade é construída socialmente e constantemente reinterpretada pelo próprio grupo e por aqueles que o observam. O jornalismo dessas revistas especializadas auxilia na construção de representações sociais, imaginários e memórias, uma vez que as mensagens culturais estão articuladas a outras esferas da realidade social. É por meio da cultura que o ser humano elabora as representações sobre os outros, sobre o mundo e sobre si mesmo. / This research examines how the specialized magazines Sem Terra and Chiapas represent the identities and the cultures of two Latin-American social movements: Brazil´s Landless Workers Movement (Brazil) and Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Mexico). To achieve this goal, ten pieces of news and articles of these magazines have been analysed on a qualitative and comparative perspective, adopting as interpretation tools the contents analyses and the concepts of identity and culture by Néstor García Canclini. As analyses point out, emphasis is laid on popular and traditional cultural manifestations, which would represent the true essence of country or Indian communities. Identity, however, is socially constructed and often reinterpreted by the group or observers. Journalism as it is exercised by these specialized magazines helps in the construction of social representations, imagery and memories, because the cultural messages are related to other aspects of social reality. Through culture humans elaborate representations about the others, the world and themselves.

This dissertation aims to enrich the discussion about the role of social movements in the process of democratisation, ie. to assess their role in the transformation from authoritarian to democratic regime. In particular, it tries to find the way how to assess the impact of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, EZLN) and related movement on the Mexican transition to democracy in 1990s. The analysis tries to identify possible impacts on three different levels -- political (which means regime transition), social (which is related with the change of the nature of the relations between state and society, once described as corporatist) and economical (which means the end of neoliberal policy promoted by recent Mexican governments and the introduction of more equal, "more democratic" policy in zapatista logic). It looks both at the formal (direct through bargaining) and informal (influence) impact of the zapatista movement. From the methodological point of view, the study is case analysis, in some parts it uses historical analysis. The text is structured into five chapters. The first chapter shows main theoretical and methodological approaches to the social movements with special focus on Latin American context. It is followed by explaining the principles of methods used to assessment of the zapatista impacts. The second chapter presents main approaches to social change and process of democratic transition. The third chapter contains the historical analysis of transformation of relation between state and society during 20th century, from the introduction of (state) corporatist model in 1930s to its gradual dismantling in the late 20th century. The fourth chapter analysis the evolution of EZLN from its beginning in Lacandon jungle in southern Mexican state of Chiapas. In relation with the emphasis of movement's goals, the period from 1994, when zapatista uprising in Chiapas started, to 2010 is divided into four stages. In the fifth chapter, theoretical findings are applied on EZLN and zapatista movement and formulated hypotheses are tested.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo compreender como as revistas especializadas Sem Terra e Chiapas representam as identidades e as culturas de dois movimentos sociais da América Latina: Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (Brasil) e Exército Zapatista de Libertação Nacional (México). Para tanto, analisaram-se dez reportagens e artigos dessas publicações numa perspectiva qualitativa e comparada, utilizando como ferramentas de interpretação a análise de conteúdo e os conceitos de identidade e cultura de Néstor García Canclini. A partir das análises, percebe-se a ênfase em manifestações culturais populares e tradicionais, que representariam a verdadeira essência de comunidades camponesas ou indígenas. Entretanto, conclui-se que a identidade é construída socialmente e constantemente reinterpretada pelo próprio grupo e por aqueles que o observam. O jornalismo dessas revistas especializadas auxilia na construção de representações sociais, imaginários e memórias, uma vez que as mensagens culturais estão articuladas a outras esferas da realidade social. É por meio da cultura que o ser humano elabora as representações sobre os outros, sobre o mundo e sobre si mesmo. / This research examines how the specialized magazines Sem Terra and Chiapas represent the identities and the cultures of two Latin-American social movements: Brazil´s Landless Workers Movement (Brazil) and Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Mexico). To achieve this goal, ten pieces of news and articles of these magazines have been analysed on a qualitative and comparative perspective, adopting as interpretation tools the contents analyses and the concepts of identity and culture by Néstor García Canclini. As analyses point out, emphasis is laid on popular and traditional cultural manifestations, which would represent the true essence of country or Indian communities. Identity, however, is socially constructed and often reinterpreted by the group or observers. Journalism as it is exercised by these specialized magazines helps in the construction of social representations, imagery and memories, because the cultural messages are related to other aspects of social reality. Through culture humans elaborate representations about the others, the world and themselves.

The thesis discusses the uprising of Zapatista Army of National Liberation and its impact on democratization and political transformation in Mexico. First, it looks into the context of the political situation in Mexico before 1994, history of Zapatista army and the election year of 1994. The reasons for the uprising were several - from neoliberalism in the Mexican economy and the completion of the land reform until the joining of NAFTA. During the uprising, Mexico was an authoritarian regime with a government of one party - the Institutional Revolutionary Party. The Zapatistas have tried to proclaim the change of direction of Mexican politics. The actual rebellion lasted only 12 days before the start of negotiations between the government and rebels. Thanks to the media and broad international support, the uprising evolved into a left-wing movement, fighting for the rights of the Indian population and the poorer Mexican inhabitants. Over the years the Zapatistas have achieved partial success and often provide direction for the political transition. The main subject of this thesis is examining the impact of democratization on the Zapatistas in Mexico.