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Pawpaw (Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal) has significant potential as a new fruit crop. During ripening, loss of firmness is extremely rapid, and this trait may be the biggest obstacle to the development of a broader market as handling without injury is difficult. Cold storage of pawpaw seems limited to 4 weeks at 4 C. A study of several cultivars with commercial appeal showed that ripening traits such as ethylene production, respiration and loss of firmness were similar in all genotypes, and that no cultivar showed superior responses to cold storage. Cold storage for longer than 4 weeks caused the development of cold injury symptoms such as black discoloration, rapid loss of firmness, impaired respiration, tissue acidification, decrease in antioxidant content, decrease in volatile ester production and development of off-flavor volatile compounds. Overall cold storage injury symptoms observed in pawpaw may be due to oxidative damage linked to the failure of the two major antioxidant systems that could protect against such damage: phenolics and the ascorbateglutamate system. With the aim of enhancing pawpaw low temperature tolerance and prolonging cold storage length, different techniques such as hot air exposure and hot water dips of fruit prior to beginning cold storage, and intermittent warming periods during cold storage, were evaluated. Despite positive results with these techniques for other commodities, all the strategies failed to appreciably alter fruit ripening, loss of firmness or maintain fruit quality during and/or after cold storage.

The North American Pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] shows great potential as a new fruit crop. Kentucky State University in Frankfort, Ky. is the site for the USDA National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) for Asimina species. Both the fruit and the trees themselves are of high value to growers and nursery producers. Pawpaw cultivars are currently propagated by grafting or budding onto seedling rootstock; no method currently exists to clonally propagate pawpaw on its own roots. Three methods of layering were attempted in this study to clonally propagate pawpaw: trench layering, pot layering, and mound layering. Both trench layering and pot layering experiments showed the importance of both juvenility and auxin application in adventitious rooting of pawpaw. Although rooting of more mature pawpaw shoots in these experiments did not exceed 30%, these propagation methods were more successful then previous attempts at rooting more mature pawpaw stems. Mound layering was less successful, but an easierto-root genotype of pawpaw in the KSU-USDA NCGR for Asimina spp. was discovered that may show promise for future propagation studies. Diversity in reproductive characteristics of pawpaw was also assessed in this study. Accessions in the KSU-USDA repository orchard collected from six different geographic regions were selected and trunk cross sectional area, total number of flowers, length of flowering, flowering peak, fruit set, total number of clusters, total number of fruit, number of fruit per cluster, average fruit weight, yield by weight, yield efficiency, length of harvest, harvest peak, and growing degree days required for ripening were evaluated. Significant differences were found among the regions in most of the characteristics evaluated. Correlations were also found between several vegetative and reproductive characteristics. This indicates that a significant level of reproductive diversity exists within KSUs repository collection, and between pawpaws collected from different regions of the native range.

Orientador: Ana Carolina Conti e Silva / Banca: Karina de Lemos Sampaio / Banca: Natália Soares Janzantti / Resumo: A demanda por alimentos e ingredientes funcionais tem aumentado, em particular pelos prebióticos. A incorporação de inulina e oligofrutose às bebidas de frutas, como o néctar, torna-se uma alternativa para agregar valor nutritivo aos produtos. Dentre as frutas, o mamão representa uma excelente opção devido ao fácil cultivo, alta produtividade, baixo custo, alto valor nutritivo e particularmente à escassez do néctar dessa fruta no mercado brasileiro. O trabalho objetivou desenvolver néctares de mamão com diferentes concentrações de açúcar, oligofrutose e inulina. Foram elaborados néctares, sem frutanos, com 6, 8, 10 e 12% de açúcar e determinado o ideal de doçura em açúcar. A partir da formulação considerada ideal em doçura, foi aplicada a metodologia de modelagem de misturas para avaliar os efeitos da interação entre açúcar, oligofrutose e inulina na aceitação sensorial e características químicas dos néctares de mamão (variáveis dependentes). As formulações foram avaliadas sensorialmente quanto à aceitação (aparência, aroma, viscosidade, sabor, doçura e avaliação global) e intenção de compra, empregando-se escala hedônica de nove pontos e escala categórica de cinco pontos, respectivamente. Os resultados da aceitação sensorial também foram avaliados por meio da análise de Cluster e Análise de Componentes Principais para construção dos mapas de preferência internos. As formulações foram caracterizadas quimicamente quanto ao teor sólidos solúveis e totais, acidez total titulável, açúcares totais, cinzas e pH. A formulação mais aceita para avaliação global foi monitorada durante quinze dias quanto ao pH, acidez total titulável, bactérias mesófilas, psicrotróficas, bolores e leveduras, coliformes totais e termotolerantes. A formulação com 12% de açúcar foi considerada como ideal em doçura por 36% dos julgadores. A interação entre os ingredientes açúcar, oligofrutose e ... / Abstract: The demand for food and functional ingredients has increased, in particular by the prebiotics. The incorporation of inulin and oligofructose in fruit drinks, as nectars, is an alternative to increase nutritional value to products. Among fruits, the papaya is an excellent choice because of its easy cultivation, high productivity, low cost, high nutritional value and, particularly, the shortage of this fruit nectar in the Brazilian market. The study aimed to develop papaya nectars with different concentrations of sugar, oligofructose and inulin. Nectars were prepared with 6, 8, 10 and 12% sugar (without fructan) and the ideal sweetness of sugar was determined. From the formulation considered ideal sweetness, the mixtures modeling methodology was applied to assess the effects of the interaction between sugar, oligofructose and inulin on the acceptance sensory and chemical characteristics of papaya nectars (dependent variables). The sensory acceptance regarding to appearance, aroma, viscosity, flavor, sweetness and overall evaluation and purchase intent was evaluated, using a nine point hedonic scale and categorical scale of five points, respectively. The results of sensory acceptance were also assessed by cluster analysis and principal component analysis to construct internal preference maps. The formulations were characterized regarding to soluble solids and total, titratable acidity, total sugars, ash and pH. The best formulation for overall assessment was monitored for two weeks for pH, titratable acidity, mesophilic, psychrotrophic, yeasts and molds, total and fecal coliforms. The formulation with 12% sugar was considered ideal for sweetness by 36% of the panelists. The interaction between the ingredients sugar, oligofructose and inulin influenced the acceptance for the taste and the sweetness of the nectar, and the formulation with 6% sugar and 6% inulin was the most acceptable for these attributes. The preference for attributes of this ... / Mestre

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