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Haboobs in outer space: the when and where of dust storms in distant galaxiesPenner, Kyle January 2014 (has links)
Dust grains are a minor component by mass of the interstellar medium of a galaxy. Yet they can be the dominant source of luminosity. At z ∼ 1, the luminosity density of the Universe in the IR is ∼ 10 times higher than it is at z ∼ 0; common high-redshift galaxies have IR luminosities and dust masses that surpass those of even rare low-redshift galaxies. Dusty galaxies must transition to dust-poor galaxies. In this thesis, we attempt to understand the When? and Where? of this transition. We examine the redshift distribution of the cosmic millimeter background and the spatial distributions of dust in high-redshift galaxies. The cosmic millimeter background is the flux surface density, across the entire sky, from dust emission from all galaxies in the Universe. We stack the 1.16mm flux densities of a sample of dusty galaxies to determine the evolution of their contribution to the background. We resolve ∼ 35% of the background at 1.16mm and ∼ 50% of the background at 850 μm. We make two unique predictions for the redshift origins of the total 1.16mm background. Dust is responsible for more than the IR emission from a galaxy. The existence of dust is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the attenuation of a galaxy's intrinsic UV emission; the IR- and emergent UV-emitting regions must be spatially coincident. We establish a relation between the ratio of infrared to UV luminosity and β for dusty galaxies at z ∼ 2, which implies that their regions are coincident. We also argue that the dust is spread on galactic scales. In dust-poor galaxies at low redshift, the amount of dust attenuating the emission from ionizing stars is greater than the amount attenuating the emission from massive but nonionizing stars. For dusty galaxies at z ∼ 1.3, the amounts may be unequal--though this result is subject to the assumption that high-redshift dusty galaxies have the same spatial and grain size distributions as low-redshift dust-poor galaxies. The dust properties of high-redshift galaxies may be more diverse than they are in low-redshift galaxies.
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Evolution of the Quasar Population at High RedshiftJiang, Linhua January 2008 (has links)
High-redshift (z~6) quasars have been served as cosmological probes for studying the early universe. They provide crucial information on the growth of massive black holes (BHs) and formation of galaxies in the first billion years. I focus my dissertation work on exploring various properties of quasars at z~6.Based on our Gemini NIR observations, the metallicity in luminous z~6 quasars is supersolar with a typical value of ~4 Z_sun, and a comparison with low-redshift observations shows no strong evolution in metallicity up to z~6. Central BH masses are found to be 10^9 ~ 10^10 M_sun and Eddington luminosity ratios are of order unity. Our Spitzer observations show that most of z~6 quasars have prominent emission from hot dust. Their SEDs are similar to those of low-redshift quasars at rest-frame 0.15-3.5 um, suggesting that their accretion disks and hot-dust structures have reached maturity. However, two quasars were not detected in our deep 24 um images, and thus show no hot-dust emission, indicating different dust properties. Our ongoing survey of z~6 quasars has resulted in six quasars with z_AB<21 in the SDSS deep area. The bright-end power-law slope of the quasar luminosity function>(QLF) derived from available SDSS quasars is significantly steeper than the slope of the QLF at z~4. Based on this QLF, the quasar population cannot provide enough photons to ionize the IGM at z~6 unless the IGM is very homogeneous and the luminosity at which the QLF power law breaks is very low.My work also includes interesting topics of quasars at lower redshifts. Our deep spectroscopic survey of quasars at z<4 shows that the quasar density at>M_g<-22.5 peaks at z~2, which is later in cosmic time than the peak of z~2.5 found from surveys of more luminous quasars (M_g<-26). This confirms `cosmic downsizing' in quasar evolution. Using a sample of more than 30,000 quasars from SDSS, we find that the radio-loud fraction (RLF) in optically-selected quasars decreases rapidly with increasing redshift and decreasing optical luminosity. This result presents an important constraint on the radio emission mechanism and its cosmic evolution. We obtain 293 quasars with strong NIV] lambda 1486 or NIII] lambda 1750 emission lines from SDSS. These nitrogen-rich (N-rich) objects comprise ~1.1% of the SDSS quasars, and have high overall nitrogen abundances. They share many common properties with other quasars. However, the RLF in the N-rich quasars is much higher than that in other quasars with similar redshift and luminosity. This implies that the high nitrogen abundance in N-rich quasars could be an indicator of a special quasar evolution stage, in which the radio activity is also strong.
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Observational Constraints on the Structure and Evolution of QuasarsKelly, Brandon Charles January 2008 (has links)
I use X-ray and optical data to investigate the structure of quasars, and its dependence on luminosity, redshift, black hole mass, and Eddington ratio. In order to facilitate my work, I develop new statistical methods of accounting for measurement error, non-detections, and survey selection functions. The main results of this thesis follow. (1) The statistical uncertainty in the broad line mass estimates can lead to significant artificial broadening of the observed distribution of black hole mass. (2) The z = 0.2 broad line quasar black hole mass function falls off approximately as a power law with slope ~ 2 for M_{BH} > 10^8 M_{Sun}. (3) Radio-quiet quasars become more X-ray quiet as their optical/UV luminosity, black hole mass, or Eddington ratio increase, and more X-ray loud at higher redshift. These correlations imply that quasars emit a larger fraction of their bolometric luminosity through the accretion disk component, as compared to the corona component, as black hole mass and Eddington ratio increase. (4) The X-ray spectral slopes of radio-quiet quasars display a non-monotonic trend with Eddington ratio, where the X-ray continuum softens with increasing Eddington ratio until L / L_{Edd} ~ 0.3, and then begins to harden. This observed non-monotonic trend may be caused by a change in the structure of the disk/corona system at L / L_{Edd} ~ 0.3, possibly due to increased radiation pressure. (5) The characteristic time scales of quasar optical flux variations increase with increasing M_{BH}, and are consistent with disk orbital or thermal time scales. In addition the amplitude of short time scale variability decreases with increasing M_{BH}. I interpret quasar optical light curves as being driven by thermal fluctuations, which in turn are driven by some other underlying stochastic process with characteristic time scale long compared to the disk thermal time scale. The stochastic model I use is able to explain both short and long time scale optical fluctuations.
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Observations of Intermediate Mass Stars and their Circumstellar Environments with Nulling InterferometryLiu, Wilson Michael January 2007 (has links)
In this dissertation, I present nulling interferometric observations of intermediate mass stars and their circumstellar environments. The observations constrain physical processes with regard to the evolution of circumstellar dust in primordial disks, as well as debris disks in main sequence objects. Observations were made in the N-band (near 10 microns) which traces primarily thermal emission from warm dust, and take advantage of the high spatial resolution afforded by nulling interferometry. The first part of the dissertation includes observations of 13 Herbig Ae stars using the BLINC-MIRAC instrument on the MMT and Magellan I (Baade) Telescopes. Three of the 13 objects were spatially resolved (AB Aurigae, HD 100546, and HD 179218). It appears that inferred disk sizes and limits are correlated to the submillimeter SED slope and fractional infrared luminosity of the objects. This implies that disk flaring may have an effect on the resolvability. Further examination of the results reveals evidence for a large inner gap in the HD 100546 disk, possibly resulting in the large inferred disk size. The second part of the dissertation includes observations of six nearby main sequence targets, all of which show no evidence for a positive detection of warm debris. Using a scaled up model of solar zodiacal emission, upper limits on dust density range from 500 to 10^4 Zody (1 Zody = the density of our own solar zodiacal cloud) depending on the particular star, which corresponds to limits of 10^-6 to 5 x 10^-5 earth masses of micron-sized dust. The well studied nature of the debris disks around Vega, epsilon Eridani, and zeta Leporis allows us to place these observations in the context of previous studies at other wavelengths to determine the physical processes responsible for shaping the debris disk in these systems.
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X-ray and Infrared Diagnostics of Star Formation and Black Hole Accretion in GalaxiesRigby, Jane Rebecca January 2006 (has links)
Using infrared and X-ray diagnostics, we study star--formation and black hole accretion in nearby and distant galaxies.We examine diagnostics of the hardness of the ionizing field in low--redshift starburst galaxies, to constrain the initial mass function. We obtain new measurements of HeI 1.7 micron/Br 10, a physically simple diagnostic, then test ISO mid--infrared line ratios, finding them reliable. Compared to new photoionization models, the ISO ratios in 27 nearby starburst galaxies are systematically low. This argues that solar--metallicity starbursts are deficient in massive stars, or that such stars are present but highly embedded.Using Spitzer, HST, Chandra, and ground-based data, we examine the multi-wavelength (0.4--24 micron) spectral energy distributions and X-ray properties of X-ray--selected active galactic nuclei (AGN) in several deep fields: the Chandra Deep Field South, the Lockman Hole, and the extended Groth Strip. We examine the 24 micron to X-ray flux and luminosity ratios for 157 AGN at z~1; the luminosity ratios have not strongly evolved since z~0, and we find no trend with X-ray column density. This means that highly--obscured AGN do not have exceptional infrared fluxes. We examine the SEDs of 45 bright X-ray and 24 micron sources: only 22% are classified as unobscured ``type 1'' AGN; 18% are classified as ULIRG-like SEDs; and the majority are classified as obscured (``type 2'') AGN or spiral--like SEDs. This supports the picture from X-ray surveys that much of the AGN activity in the distant universe is significantly obscured. We examine why 20% of X-ray--selected AGN are optically--faint; they lie at significantly higher redshifts (median z=1.6) than most X-ray--selected AGN, and their spectra are intrinsically red. Their contribution to the X-ray Seyfert luminosity function is comparable to that of optically--bright AGN at z>1, but they do not significantly alter the redshift distribution. Lastly, we investigate why half of X-ray--selected AGN lack signs of accretion in optical spectra. We find that these ``optically--dull'' AGN have Seyfert--like mid--infrared emission, which argues that they do not have abnormally--weak UV/optical continua. The axis ratios of their host galaxies argue that extinction by host galaxies plays a key role in hiding nuclear emission lines.
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A study of the events and trends in programs for the preparation of astronomers in the United States, 1947-1960Claridge, Geoffrey George, January 1963 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1963. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-109).
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Über die astronomischen Kenntnisse der Naturvölker Australiens und der SüdseeKötz, Alfred, January 1911 (has links)
Inaug.-Diss. - Leipzig. / "Literaturverzeichnis": p. [v]-xiv.
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An international bibliography of current astronomical serials [a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for a master's degree in Library Science] /Crane, Lois F. January 1958 (has links)
Thesis (A.M.L.S.)--University of Michigan, 1958.
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Assessment and modification of an introductory astronomy laboratory lesson on astronomical time-keeping /Traxler, Adrienne, January 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Thesis (M.S.) in Teaching--University of Maine, 2006. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 60-63).
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Jäätikkömäiset muodostumat Moreux-kraatterin ja Protonilus Mensaen alueellaMustonen, J. (Juha) 10 April 2015 (has links)
Pro Gradu-tutkielmassa kartoitetaan Marsin Protonilus Mensaen ja Moreux-kraatterin alueelta löytyviä jäätikkömäisiä kohteita. Alue sijaitsee Marsin dikotomiarajalla, joka sisältää runsaasti merkkejä amatsoonisella aikakaudella tapahtuneesta jäätiköitymisestä. Protonilus Mensaen alueelta tehdyissä aiemmissa tutkimuksissa on löydetty paljon merkkejä jäätä sisältävistä laattamaisista LDA-muodostumista ja laaksojen pohjia täyttävistä LVF-muodostumista [Squyres 1978, 1979] ja [Levy et al. 2010]. Kyseistä aluetta ei ole kuitenkaan aiemmin kartoitettu laaja-alaisesti uuden sukupolven avaruusluotaimien tuottamaa kuvamateriaalia hyödyntäen.
Tämän työn päämääränä on ollut kartoittaa Protonilus Mensaen alue uuden sukupolven Mars Global Surveyor-, Mars Express-, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter- ja Mars Odyssey-luotaimien tuottaman kuvamateriaalin avulla. Työssä on etsitty merkkejä mahdollisesti eri aikakausina toimineista jäätiköitymisprosesseista. Toisen mielenkiintoisen tutkimusaiheen muodostavat merkit veden virtauksesta alueella. Lisäksi tutkielmassa käydään läpi veden ja jään historiaa, koska niiden merkitys Marsin historiassa on koko ajan kasvanut. Tämän vuoksi on tärkeää käydä läpi, kuinka nykyinen käsityksemme Marsin vedestä on muodostunut. Tämän tutkielman myötä lukija saa kattavan käsityksen Marsin veden historiasta sekä nykyhetkestä.
Tutkimuksen aineistona käytetään erityisesti Mars Odyssey-luotaimen Mola-instrumentin tuottamaa topografiatietoja sekä muiden luotaimien CTX-, HiRISE- ja HRSC-kameroiden tuottamaa kuvamateriaalia. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter-luotaimen CTX-kameran tarkat ja hyvälaatuiset kuvat ovat toimineet kartoituksen pohjamateriaalina. CTX-instrumentin avulla Protonilus Mensaen aluetta voidaan tutkia noin kuuden metrin resoluutiolla. HiRISE- ja HRSC-kameroiden tarkempia ja yksityiskohtaisempia kuvia on käytetty alueilta, joista niitä on ollut saatavilla. Topografiatiedon avulla on mahdollista ymmärtää alueen jäätikkömäisten muodostumien liikettä sekä merkkejä veden virtauksesta. Tutkielman historiaosuudessa on käytetty hyväksi aiempien tutkimusryhmien tuloksia 1970-luvulta 2010-luvulle. Kartoituksessa pääasiallisena työkaluna on käytetty ArcGis-kartoitusohjelmaa, jonka avulla voidaan kartoittaa tehokkaasti laajoja alueita. Pienempiä alueita kartoitettaessa on käytetty myös Photoshop-kuvankäsittelyohjelmaa.
Kartoituksessa Marsin Protonilus Mensaen alueelta löytyi paljon jäätikkömäisiä muodostumia. Laattamaiset LDA-muodostumat keskittyvät sirpaloituneelle ylänköalueelle ja Moreux-kraatterin keskuskohouman ympärille. Protonilus Mensae-alueen vuorien ympärille on muodostunut vaihtelevan kokoisia LDA-muodostumia. Tutkitulta alueelta löydetyt LVF-muodostumat keskittyvät sirpaloituneen ylänköalueen laaksoihin ja noaakkisella ylänköalueella vanhoihin virtausuomiin. Kraattereiden täytteitä eli CCF-muodostumia löytyy jokaisen kraatterin pohjalta. Noaakkiselta ylänköalueelta löydettiin yksi muinainen kraatterijärvi, josta on lähtenyt uoma kohti alempana sijaitsevia alueita. Jäätikkömäiset muodostumat ovat sijoittuneet topografisesti usean kilometrin skaalalle. Merkkejä jään sublimoitumisesta löytyy jokaisesta Protonilus Mensaen geologisesta yksiköstä.
Tehdyn Pro gradu-tutkielman pohjalta voidaan todeta, että Moreux-kraatterin ympäristö ja Protonilus Mensae-alue on kokenut merkittävän jäätiköitymisjakson myöhäisellä amatsoonisella aikakaudella. Yhteneviin tuloksiin ovat päätyneet useat dikotomiaraja-aluetta tutkineet työryhmät [Baker et al, 2010]; [Kress and Head, 2008]; [Morgan et al, 2009]. Jäätikkömäisten muodostumien ajoittaminen kraatterilaskujen perusteella on epävarmaa, koska Marsin olosuhteet voivat muuttua merkittävästi suhteellisen lyhyessä ajassa. Olosuhteiden muutokset vaikuttavat jään säilymiseen sekä sen kykyyn edetä. Edellä mainitut tekivät vaikuttavat siten, että kraattereiden tuhoutumisnopeus voi vaihdella merkittävästi.
Protonilus Mensaen alueella on tapahtunut ainakin kaksi eri jäätiköitymisjaksoa. Laajempi jäätiköityminen on synnyttänyt puhkaisun Moreux-kraatteriin. Puhkaisun aiheuttaneet LDA- ja LVF-muodostumat ovat pahasti erodoituneet. Myöhäisempi jäätiköityminen ei ole edennyt yhtä pitkälle. Laajempi jäätiköitymisjakso on voinut esiintyä samoihin aikoihin kuin hespeerisen ajan suuret tulvat. Nestemäinen vesi on voinut olla merkittävä tekijä laajempien LDA- ja LVF-muodostumien synnyssä. Amatsoonisella aikakaudella tapahtunut jäätiköityminen on kuitenkin ollut paikallista ja jäätiköityminen on vaatinut juuri sopivat olosuhteet. Jäätä on kertynyt etenkin kraattereihin, vuorien rinteille ja laaksoihin. Alueelta läydetyt LDA-, LVF- ja CCF-muodostumat ovat hyvin samankaltaisia kuin muiltakin alueilta löytyneet vastaavat muodostumat. Niiden syntymekanismi on luultavasti ainakin osittain identtinen.
Tutkittu alue on täynnä pieniä mielenkiintoisia jäätikkömäisiä muodostumia, joiden tutkimiseen tulevaisuudessa kannattaa panostaa. Erityisesti muinaisen kraatterijärven myöhäisen jäätiköitymisprosessin tutkiminen tarkemmin olisi hyvin mielenkiintoista. Sirpaloituneen ylängön LDA- ja LVF-muodostumien keskinäisten vuorovaikutusten tutkiminen vaatisi nykyistä tarkempaa topografia- ja kuvamateriaalia. Virtausalueelta löytynyt kuivunut allas tulisi kuvata tarkemmilla kameroilla, koska allas vaikuttaa olevan alueen viimeisin nestemäisen veden aiheuttama muodostuma.
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