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Vita. / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Collection of reprints from journal articles / Includes bibliographies / 1 v. (various pagings) : / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (D. Sc.)--University of Adelaide, 1987

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Bibliography: pages 191-202. / The surface heat balance of the Benguela upwelling area on the west coast of southern Africa is analysed. Measurements of the components of the heat balance were made in the St Helena Bay area from 14-21 October 1986. Additional long-term data was obtained from Alexander Bay and Cape Town. An average net heat gain of 227 W.m⁻² was received over the eight days of the field study. The presence of cold water determined that latent heat loss by the sea surface was small, while the sensible heat flux represented a small gain by the sea. These two turbulent heat fluxes are roughly equal and opposite and therefore approximately cancel each other. Use of a model, assuming idealised conditions, indicated that most turbulent heat exchange between the air and takes place in the nearshore region where air-sea contrasts are greatest. The net radiation was found to provide a good estimate of the total heat balance, thus the major contributing term to a high heat balance over the Benguela area is the input solar radiation. Minimal synoptic variation in the heat balance during the eight-day field programme was observed, but additional global radiation data analysed revealed that synoptic variations over the 3-6 day period are in fact more significant than the longer term seasonal variations. Both synoptic and seasonal variations in the heat balance are greater in the south than in the north. The high heat flux into the sea surface is capable of increasing the temperature of the upwelled water at a fairly rapid rate. During summer the heat exchange is capable of increasing the temperature of the upper 10 m mixed layer by as much as 0.65°C over one day. This input heat is used to realise the high biological potential of the upwelled waters.

Comprehensive evaluation of changes in streamflow extremes and characteristics due to climate change and variability is the main focus of this study. Available streamflow data at several gaging stations in least anthropologically affected watersheds of the Southeastern Gulf-Atlantic Region, were used for this analysis. To evaluate influences due to climate change, nonparametric trend tests were applied to annual and monthly extremes, while considering seasonality, along with changes in streamflow characteristics. To understand climate variability influences, streamflow data is partitioned in to cool and warm phases of four oceanic and atmospheric oscillations known to have an effect on hydroloclimatology of the region: El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO); Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO); and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Generally, results showed decreasing trends in overall streamflow extremes, as well as spatially varying, temporally non-uniform influences of climate variability on streamflow extremes and characteristics. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

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PhD. (Environmental Management) / This research investigates associations between El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases and the occurrence of an unusual atmospheric transport patterns over southern Africa, observed during the SAFARI 2000 field campaign. This transport pattern manifested itself as a smoke and hazeladen flow, originating from the sub-equatorial tropical regions over northern Angola and western Zambia, and traversing the subcontinent with exit off the south-east coast over southern Mozambique and northern KwaZulu-Natal into the Indian Ocean. This pattern has been dubbed The River of Smoke. This pattern is distinctly different from the continental re-circulation pattern associated with continental high-pressure systems over the subtropical sub-region, which is the prevalent system according to current literature. The period during which the SAFARI 2000 campaign was conducted happened to be at the height of the strong 1999/2000 La Niña episode, associated with excessively wet conditions over the sub-continent. In contrast, during an earlier field campaign, SAFARI’92, the continental re-circulation transport mode, termed the gyre, was observed to prevail over the subtropical sub-region. SAFARI’92 coincided with the 1991/1992 El Niño episode that resulted in drought conditions over much of southern Africa. These observations triggered the current investigation of the causal associations and frequencies of the River of Smoke flow with phases of the ENSO. This study has employed conventional and modeled methods of meteorological analysis to investigate the influence of ENSO on atmospheric transport and synoptic coupling mechanisms, Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) forward trajectory computations supported by an enhanced method of cluster analysis were used to determine and characterize the mean atmospheric transport modes over the subcontinent. Trajectories were calculated originating at two source points, representative of the tropical and subtropical subregions respectively (Mongu, Zambia; and Tshane, Botswana). Three study years were selected, corresponding to three distinct phases of ENSO: an El Niño episode during 1991/1992, a neutral ENSO episode during 1996/1997, and a La Niña episode during 1999/2000. The National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/ National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Reanalysis model is employed to reproduce mean composite synoptic circulation fields over southern Africa during the three periods. Findings show that for airflows originating over tropical southern Africa, the Indian Ocean fast exit pathway is unique to the neutral ENSO phase, while the continental re-circulation transport mode exhibits zero occurrences during the neutral phase. A continental re-circulation transport mode in the lower troposphere was observed during the El Niño and La Niña extremes, but with low annual frequencies (less than 30%). The direct Atlantic Ocean, the north-west and the Indian Ocean slow exit pathways are common to all three ENSO phases. For airflows originating over the subtropical sub-region, the continental re-circulation transport mode has the highest vi frequencies during all three ENSO phases, more especially during the El Niño episode, with more than 50% annual frequency, as observed during SAFARI’92. The north-west, Indian Ocean slow and Indian Ocean fast pathways are observed during all the three ENSO phases, with lower overall frequencies. The anticyclonic circulation flows are driven by the strengthened high-pressure systems over southern Africa: the semi-permanent subtropical high-pressure systems over the adjacent oceans (Atlantic Ocean High and Indian Ocean High) and the transient cut-off continental high-pressure systems. Airflows exiting toward the Indian Ocean have been described previously. In this work, a novel distinction is made between the Indian Ocean fast and the Indian Ocean slow exit pathways. The Indian Ocean slow corresponds to the conventional off-coast flow, such as observed during SAFARI’92. The Indian Ocean fast exit pathway is a newly described transport mode, which results from strong coupling between the subtropical circulation systems and the mid-latitude westerly flows. This strong-coupling induced transport mechanism provides favourable conditions for transport of mass fluxes, such as fire emissions originating from the tropical sub-region, towards the Indian Ocean. The Indian Ocean fast exit transport mode is characterized by higher speeds while exiting off the south-east coast, and extends further into the temperate latitudes towards Australia. When coupled with tropical sub-region, this flow mode is responsible for the occurrence of the River of Smoke phenomenon identified during SAFARI 2000. This Indian Ocean fast transport mode is intermittent in nature, and couples to the tropical sub-region only during the neutral ENSO episode, during which it exhibits low monthly frequencies, mainly during the dry season July through October. The intermittent nature, dependent on ENSO phases, and the associated low frequencies, may explain why it was observed in SAFARI 2000, but escaped observation and comment during previous studies, such as SAFARI’92.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Meteorology; and, (B.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mathematics, 1979. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. / Thesis (B.S.)--M.I.T., Dept. of Mathematics, 1979. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Norman R. Guivens, Jr. / M.S.

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