by Tsang Wai Nam. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-176). / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1 --- ACL ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Microscopic anatomy --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Gross anatomy --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Functions of ACL --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Kinematics of ACL --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Biomechanics of ACL --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- ACL INJURY --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Epidemiology --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Mechanism of injury --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Clinical signs and symptoms of ACL injury --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Consequences after ACL injury --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3 --- SURGICAL TREATMENT OF ACL INJURY --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- ACL reconstruction --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Healing of the graft --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4 --- REHABILITATION --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Rehabilitation of the ACL-deficient knee --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Rehabilitation of the ACL-reconstructed knee --- p.22 / Chapter 2.5 --- KINEMATIC MEASUREMENT --- p.33 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Reasons for kinematic measurement --- p.33 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Measurement methods --- p.33 / Chapter 2.6 --- ROENTGEN STEREOPHOTOGRAMMETRIC ANALYSIS (RSA) --- p.45 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Plain radiographic method --- p.45 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- RSA --- p.45 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Convergent versus Biplane x-ray methods --- p.46 / Chapter 2.7 --- VIDEO STEREOGRAPHY --- p.49 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Kinematic studies --- p.49 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Strain studies --- p.52 / Chapter 2.7.3 --- Errors from video camera measurement --- p.53 / Chapter 2.8 --- EXTERNAL MARKERS --- p.54 / Chapter 2.8.1 --- Skin markers --- p.55 / Chapter 2.8.2 --- Plate markers --- p.55 / Chapter 2.8.3 --- Skeletal markers --- p.56 / Chapter 2.8.4 --- Virtual markers --- p.58 / Chapter 2.9 --- ARTHROSCOPY --- p.61 / Chapter 2.10 --- RATIONALE AND SCOPE OF THE PROJECT --- p.63 / Chapter CHAPTER 3: --- INSTRUMENTATION --- p.69 / Chapter 3.1 --- RSA --- p.69 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Biplane x-ray apparatus --- p.69 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Internal markers and implant instrument --- p.70 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Plexi-glass calibration box --- p.71 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Transparent digitizer and computer --- p.72 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Accuracy of the RSA --- p.74 / Chapter 3.2 --- MOUNTING JIGS AND FORCE APPLICATION SYSTEM --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3 --- VIDEO STEREOGRAPHY --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- PEAK motion measurement system --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- External markers --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Calibration frame --- p.81 / Chapter 3.4 --- ARTHROSCOPY INSTRUMENT --- p.82 / Chapter CHAPTER 4: --- METHODOLOGY --- p.84 / Chapter 4.1 --- EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP --- p.84 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Specimens --- p.84 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Implantation of tantalum beads into the ACL --- p.84 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Set-up of the video motion measurement system and x-ray --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Mounting of cadaveric knees --- p.88 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Mounting of external markers --- p.88 / Chapter 4.1.6 --- Pre-conditioning --- p.89 / Chapter 4.1.7 --- Application of force --- p.89 / Chapter 4.1.8 --- X-ray and video camera capturing --- p.91 / Chapter 4.1.9 --- The conditions of ACL --- p.91 / Chapter 4.1.10 --- Digitization of x-ray images --- p.91 / Chapter 4.1.11 --- Digitization of video images --- p.92 / Chapter 4.2 --- TESTING OF INSTRUMENTATION --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Accuracy of the PEAK motion measurement system --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Reliability of the experimental set-up and migration of tantalum beads --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- "Comparison of the x, y, and z coordinates of external markers imaged by RSA and video stereography" --- p.96 / Chapter 4.3 --- PREDICTION OF LENGTH CHANGE OF ACL --- p.96 / Chapter 4.4 --- BEHAVIOR OF ACL --- p.97 / Chapter CHAPTER 5: --- DATA ANALYSIS AND STATISTICAL METHODS --- p.98 / Chapter 5.1 --- MATHEMATICAL CALCULATION --- p.98 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- RSA calculation --- p.98 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Determination of the length changes of ACL using RSA and video stereography --- p.102 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Calculation of center of the external markers --- p.111 / Chapter 5.2 --- ACCURACY OF THE PEAK MOTION MEASUREMENT SYSTEM --- p.113 / Chapter 5.3 --- STATISTICAL METHODS --- p.114 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Reliability of the experimental set-up and migration of tantalum beads / Chapter 5.3.2 --- "Comparison of the x, y, and z coordinates of external markers imaged by RSA and video stereography" --- p.114 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Prediction of length change of ACL --- p.115 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Behavior of ACL --- p.115 / Chapter CHAPTER 6: --- RESULT --- p.116 / Chapter 6.1 --- ACCURACY OF THE PEAK MOTION MEASUREMENT SYSTEM --- p.116 / Chapter 6.2 --- RELIABILITY OF THE EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP --- p.117 / Chapter 6.3 --- MIGRATION OF TANTALUM BEADS --- p.120 / Chapter 6.4 --- "COMPARISON OF THE X，Y, AND Z COORDINATES OF EXTERNAL MARKERS IMAGED BY RSA AND VIDEO STEREOGRAPHY" --- p.123 / Chapter 6.5 --- PREDICTION OF LENGTH CHANGE OF ACL --- p.125 / Chapter 6.6 --- BEHAVIOR OF ACL --- p.129 / Chapter 6.6.1 --- Comparison of length changes in different conditions of ACL --- p.130 / Chapter 6.6.2 --- Comparison of length changes of AM and PL bundles of ACL --- p.131 / Chapter CHAPTER 7: --- DISCUSSION --- p.132 / Chapter 7.1 --- LIMITATIONS --- p.132 / Chapter 7.2 --- VIDEO STEREOGRAPHY --- p.135 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Accuracy of the PEAK motion measurement system --- p.135 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Prediction of length change of ACL by video stereography --- p.138 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- External markers --- p.144 / Chapter 7.3 --- BEHAVIOR OF ACL --- p.145 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- Effect of sectioning on the behavior of ACL as measured by RSA --- p.146 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- The behavior of AM and PL bundles as measured by RSA --- p.147 / Chapter 7.3.3 --- Comparison of the RSA and video stereography systems in the study of the behavior of ACL --- p.149 / Chapter 7.4 --- SOURCES OF ERROR --- p.151 / Chapter 7.5 --- CLINICAL APPLICATIONS --- p.153 / Chapter 7.5.1 --- Suggestions to the logistic of the video stereography in in vivo --- p.153 / Chapter 7.5.2 --- Suggested clinical applications --- p.156 / Chapter 7.6 --- FUTURE STUDY --- p.158 / Chapter 7.7 --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.162 / REFERENCES --- p.163 / APPENDICES --- p.177 / Chapter 1. --- Mathematical derivations for RSA system --- p.177 / Chapter 2. --- Computer program for the RSA system: BP41 EXE --- p.186 / Chapter 3. --- Computer program to find the center of the external markers: FINDCG.EXE --- p.191 / Chapter 4. --- Data and statistical results --- p.196