Univ., Diss.--Bern, 2002. / Literaturverz. S. 160 - 166.

The thesis deals with topic of universal jurisdiction with an emphasis on British House of Lords' decisions in case of former Chilean president Augusto Pinochet from years 1998 and 1999. Universal jurisdiction enables to prosecute crimes committed abroad by persons, who at time of such commission were neither the citizens of state in question nor the permanent residents of the state. It is expression of an idea, that it is common interest of the whole international community to prosecute the most serious crimes under international law, irrespective of any link to the prosecuting state, because such crimes relate to the whole international community and not only single state. The first chapter of the thesis deals with national criminal jurisdiction, whose comprehension is necessary for further understanding of universal jurisdiction. The universal jurisdiction is the main topic in the second chapter, in which I outline a brief history of the concept, mention application of the universal jurisdiction in case with Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem, and try to find out where the importance of universal jurisdiction lies or what the main alleged disadvantages and risks are as well. My further concerns are the scope of universal jurisdiction, that is the crimes that are subjects to its application, universal...

Le 11 mars 1990 marque la fin du régime autoritaire de Pinochet qui dura environ 17 années. Ce jour les nouvelles autorités démocratiques prirent leurs fonctions débutant ainsi le processus de consolidation démocratique. Même avant le changement de régime, autrement dit pendant le processus de transition à la démocratie, se mit en évidence qu'un des principaux défis des gouvernements démocratiques devait être la suppression des enclaves autoritaires. Ceux-ci, fissurent et dénaturent un régime démocratique en permettant que certaines institutions et/ou acteurs déterminent les limites de la consolidation démocratique.Dans cette recherche nous analysons les effets de deux types de d'enclaves autoritaires, les institutionnels et celles des acteurs. Par rapport au premier type d'enclaves nous décidons d'analyser la Constitution de 1980, le système électoral binominal et la Loi d'Amnistie de 1978. En particulier il nous intéresse d'observer comment ils furent supprimés, désarticulés, neutralisés ou annulés pendant la consolidation démocratique. Quant au second type d'enclaves nous décidons d'analyser le comportement des juges de la Cour Suprême, l'armée et quelques secteurs à l’intérieur des partis politiques de la droite chilienne. Notre attention est destinée à déterminer si ces acteurs éprouvèrent un processus de mutation qui leur permettrait de se détacher de la connotation d'enclave autoritaire. / March 11th of 1990 marks the end of Pinochet´s authoritarian regime, which lasted about 17 years. That day the new democratic authorities took office thereby initiating the process of democratic consolidation. Before the change of regime, during the process of transition to democracy, it became clear that one of the main challenges of the democratic government would be the elimination of authoritarian enclaves. These erode and undermine a democratic regime allowing certain institutions and/or stakeholders to determine the limits of democratic consolidation.In this research we analyze what happened with two types of authoritarian enclaves, institutional and stakeholder. Regarding the first type of enclave we decided to analyze the Constitution of 1980, the binominal electoral system and the Amnesty Law of 1978. We were particularly interested in seeing how these were suppressed, unarticulated, neutralized or canceled during the democratic consolidation. As for the second type of enclave we chose to analyze the behavior of the judges of the Supreme Court, the Army and some sectors within the political parties of the Chilean right. Our attention was aimed at determining if these stakeholders had undergone a process of change that allowed them to get rid of the connotation of the authoritarian enclave.

Nürnberg, Univ., Diss.--Erlangen, 2001. / Literaturverz. S. [249] - 266.

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