Automotive industry in China is probably one of the most potential emerging markets all over the world along with the trend of the ¡§China Flu¡¨. More than that, the well-know market demand over the 2002 is prosperously exceeded over the average estimation. The total vehicle production quantity is 3.25 million pieces versus almost the equivalent sold out quantity, the attractive numbers pushing China Auto market upward the rank of the 4th largest regional market, and become the only market cranking upward with the growth rate at 30%, while most of the other markets are suffering severely worldwide recession. China automakers and automotive electronic components makers become world-class auto manufacturers' strategic partners. Therefore, the research deals with the extent to which multinational tier 1 and tier 2 enterprises and China local makers clustering segment as the new China auto industrial landscape rely on Taiwanese automotive components suppliers with the most suitable entry mode as well as the competing advantage throughout the newly emerging supply chain in China OE segments, how Taiwanese suppliers find a way to be upgraded as a global player via the collaboration synergy of China market. The methodology for the research is utilized the case study approach and the interview with the leading edge industrial players for both China auto makers and multinational Tier 1 giants. After literature review and case study analysis, we highlight the most suitable entry strategy as ¡§niche strategy¡¨ and ¡§collaboration alliance¡¨ with the deliberation in terms of the Taiwanese makers SWOT analysis. For Taiwanese makers, they have some advantages, such as 1). leverage of resources; 2).integrator role played between Western and China connection; 3).booster of Taiwan¡¦s globalization; 4).enlarging the market place from regional to international level; 5).smooth over the political conflict for enhanced collaboration to reach the win-win synergic solution. Tenth Five-Year Plan published in June 2001 as the highest regulatory that is the major forces driving China automotive industry forward, in which the motor vehicle production was expected to reach some 3.2 million in 2005, including 1.1 million cars. Automotive industrial added value will reach RMB 130 billion, accounting for 1% of GDP. By 2005, the 2-3 large automotive enterprise groups ( First Auto Works, Shanghai Auto Industry Corp.,and Dongfeng Motor Corp.) with certain international competitiveness will be formed and fully supported by the state, making use of all kinds of preferential policies, whose products share over 70% of domestic market with some exports. The 5-10 large enterprise groups for automotive parts and components with initial international competitiveness will be built up. The top three enterprise groups for key automotive parts and components will have market share 70% of domestic market. Technical renovation projects in line with the Tenth Five-Year Plan of automotive industry and beneficial to the restructuring of automotive industry will be given priority to indirect financing and a modern development, production and marketing system will be encouraged to establish. Consequently, the State encourages the autonomous development of leading parts and components enterprises to enhance their competitiveness. Different ownerships are encouraged to participate in the development of auto part and component industry with the policy of the strategic alliance in order to innovate a newly modern value chain with the world wide expertise ¡¨clustering effects¡¨. Leading enterprises emerging as ¡§super suppliers¡¨ as innovation term of ¡§tier 0.5¡¨ for Automotive parts and components supported by 3 OE Giants FAW, SAIC and DMC. The tier 0.5 super suppliers such as Fawer under FAW, STEC under SAIC and DFT under DMC will be guided to develop the specialization of the system provider and module integrator for effectiveness of economies of scale. The research has two implications ---the interface strategy of Taiwan automakers is the ¡§niche strategy¡¨ and ¡§collaboration alliance¡¨. As far as the penetration and competing strategy development of Chinese market is concerned, the ¡§niche strategy strategic role played by Taiwanese have an absolute effect on the second level OE car makers to avoid competing with larger firms by targeting small markets of little or no interesting to the larger firms. Collaboration alliance connecting both of Mainland China domestic makers to the western countries facilitated by horizontal collaboration for market development and technology enhancement, because Taiwan belongs to the same cultural region as Mainland China. Besides. The research also suggests the competing strategies; such as reinforce the self-technology capability incubator, leverage of Taiwan IT and IC industry competing advantage to back up the automotive electronic upgrade, emphasize the role played as an multinational enterprise, strengthen the global wise alliance as well as the worldwide marketing channel connection. The active participation of Taiwanese suppliers is also an essential factor that raises the status as interface strategy. Taiwan makes use of core competences to play the role of ¡§critical unique link¡¨ without being left out from the emerging value chain of the highly potential China market.

Com o passar do tempo, nota-se um aumento gradativo da demanda por veículos mais econômicos e que disponham de itens capazes de aumentar o conforto e a segurança. Citase, como exemplo, o controle de cruzeiro (Cruise Control) que, atualmente presente em diversos veículos, é responsável por controlar a velocidade do veículo de maneira autônoma, sem a necessidade de intervenção do condutor no pedal de aceleração, resultando em um aumento de conforto ao reduzir o esforço para dirigir, além de prover efetividade para manter a velocidade do veículo em torno de um valor desejado. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um controlador de cruzeiro para operar em um veículo modelo Volkswagen Polo Sedan 2.0L 2004, o qual não possui este recurso em seu estado de fábrica. Para a implementação deste recurso, o trabalho faz uso de uma unidade de gerenciamento eletrônico (conhecida também por Electronic Control Unit - ECU) desenvolvida em 2013, no âmbito do projeto Otto II (PEREIRA, 2013), para controle do motor presente no respectivo veículo, viabilizando, desta forma, a validação do controle de cruzeiro por meio de testes utilizando o veículo em um dinamômetro inercial. Entretanto, previamente ao projeto do controlador de cruzeiro, o presente trabalho teve como foco o aperfeiçoamento do funcionamento desta ECU, visando a sua evolução no que diz respeito ao estado da arte de unidades de gerenciamento eletrônico de motores. Para isto, em sua primeira fase, o trabalho realizou diversas melhorias nas malhas de controle já existentes no firmware de 2013, tais como controle de marcha lenta, controle da borboleta eletrônica e controle de partida. Ao mesmo tempo, novos recursos foram implementados em firmware: controle de torque, controle da mistura ar/combustível em malha fechada (sonda lambda), segurança na comunicação entre blocos da ECU, identificação de marcha, suporte para diagnóstico via OBD-II, dentre outros. Além destas atividades envolvendo desenvolvimento de firmware, o trabalho, ainda em sua primeira fase, promoveu o desenvolvimento de uma nova ferramenta de software que, além de ser capaz de monitorar diversos parâmetros da ECU em tempo real, integra diversas funções, tais como função de computador de bordo alternativo, opção para controle do motor através da simulação do pedal de aceleração, opção para alteração da rotação de marcha lenta e função para automatização do ensaio de identificação do veículo (tarefa necessária para o projeto do controlador de cruzeiro). / Over time, there is a gradual increase of the demand for economical vehicles equipped with items capable of increasing the comfort and safety. As an example, the Cruise Control, which is already available in several vehicles, is responsible to control the vehicle speed in an autonomous manner, without the driver intervention on the throttle pedal. As a result, a greater comfort is achieved by reducing the effort to drive, besides providing effectiveness to keep the vehicle speed around a desired value. In this context, this project aims the development of a Cruise Control applied to a vehicle Volkswagen Polo Sedan 2.0L 2004, in which such resource is not available. To implement this resource, the project uses an electronic engine management unit (also known as Electronic Control Unit - ECU) developed in 2013 by the Otto II project (PEREIRA, 2013). This ECU is responsible to control the engine of the respective vehicle, which allows the Cruise Control validation through a set of tests performed with the vehicle on an inertial dynamometer. However, prior to the Cruise Control design, this project focused on the ECU operation enhancement, in order to achieve the state of the art in electronic engine management units. For this goal, the project, during its first phase, performed several improvements on the control algorithms already existing in the firmware developed in 2013, such as idle speed control, electronic throttle valve control and engine starting control. At the same time, new features were fully implemented in firmware: torque control, closed loop air/fuel ratio control (lambda control), safety for the communication among ECU blocks, gear identification, support to OBD-II diagnostic, among others. In addition to the firmware development activities, the project, still in its first phase, developed a new software tool capable of monitoring several ECU parameters in real time, besides providing many functions, such as alternative board computer, an option to control the engine by simulating the throttle pedal, an option to change the idle speed and a function to automate the system identification test (task required for the Cruise Control design).

Com o passar do tempo, nota-se um aumento gradativo da demanda por veículos mais econômicos e que disponham de itens capazes de aumentar o conforto e a segurança. Citase, como exemplo, o controle de cruzeiro (Cruise Control) que, atualmente presente em diversos veículos, é responsável por controlar a velocidade do veículo de maneira autônoma, sem a necessidade de intervenção do condutor no pedal de aceleração, resultando em um aumento de conforto ao reduzir o esforço para dirigir, além de prover efetividade para manter a velocidade do veículo em torno de um valor desejado. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um controlador de cruzeiro para operar em um veículo modelo Volkswagen Polo Sedan 2.0L 2004, o qual não possui este recurso em seu estado de fábrica. Para a implementação deste recurso, o trabalho faz uso de uma unidade de gerenciamento eletrônico (conhecida também por Electronic Control Unit - ECU) desenvolvida em 2013, no âmbito do projeto Otto II (PEREIRA, 2013), para controle do motor presente no respectivo veículo, viabilizando, desta forma, a validação do controle de cruzeiro por meio de testes utilizando o veículo em um dinamômetro inercial. Entretanto, previamente ao projeto do controlador de cruzeiro, o presente trabalho teve como foco o aperfeiçoamento do funcionamento desta ECU, visando a sua evolução no que diz respeito ao estado da arte de unidades de gerenciamento eletrônico de motores. Para isto, em sua primeira fase, o trabalho realizou diversas melhorias nas malhas de controle já existentes no firmware de 2013, tais como controle de marcha lenta, controle da borboleta eletrônica e controle de partida. Ao mesmo tempo, novos recursos foram implementados em firmware: controle de torque, controle da mistura ar/combustível em malha fechada (sonda lambda), segurança na comunicação entre blocos da ECU, identificação de marcha, suporte para diagnóstico via OBD-II, dentre outros. Além destas atividades envolvendo desenvolvimento de firmware, o trabalho, ainda em sua primeira fase, promoveu o desenvolvimento de uma nova ferramenta de software que, além de ser capaz de monitorar diversos parâmetros da ECU em tempo real, integra diversas funções, tais como função de computador de bordo alternativo, opção para controle do motor através da simulação do pedal de aceleração, opção para alteração da rotação de marcha lenta e função para automatização do ensaio de identificação do veículo (tarefa necessária para o projeto do controlador de cruzeiro). / Over time, there is a gradual increase of the demand for economical vehicles equipped with items capable of increasing the comfort and safety. As an example, the Cruise Control, which is already available in several vehicles, is responsible to control the vehicle speed in an autonomous manner, without the driver intervention on the throttle pedal. As a result, a greater comfort is achieved by reducing the effort to drive, besides providing effectiveness to keep the vehicle speed around a desired value. In this context, this project aims the development of a Cruise Control applied to a vehicle Volkswagen Polo Sedan 2.0L 2004, in which such resource is not available. To implement this resource, the project uses an electronic engine management unit (also known as Electronic Control Unit - ECU) developed in 2013 by the Otto II project (PEREIRA, 2013). This ECU is responsible to control the engine of the respective vehicle, which allows the Cruise Control validation through a set of tests performed with the vehicle on an inertial dynamometer. However, prior to the Cruise Control design, this project focused on the ECU operation enhancement, in order to achieve the state of the art in electronic engine management units. For this goal, the project, during its first phase, performed several improvements on the control algorithms already existing in the firmware developed in 2013, such as idle speed control, electronic throttle valve control and engine starting control. At the same time, new features were fully implemented in firmware: torque control, closed loop air/fuel ratio control (lambda control), safety for the communication among ECU blocks, gear identification, support to OBD-II diagnostic, among others. In addition to the firmware development activities, the project, still in its first phase, developed a new software tool capable of monitoring several ECU parameters in real time, besides providing many functions, such as alternative board computer, an option to control the engine by simulating the throttle pedal, an option to change the idle speed and a function to automate the system identification test (task required for the Cruise Control design).

Actuellement, les systèmes permettant de transférer de l’énergie dans le but de recharger les accumulateurs d’appareils électroniques sans l’emploi de câble se démocratisent davantage chaque jour. On comprend donc bien l’intérêt de tels systèmes dans des environnements embarqués et confinés tels que l’habitacle d’un véhicule. Le principe de l’induction magnétique réside dans un transfert de flux magnétique entre deux antennes inductives. Le champ magnétique servira de vecteur au transport d’une puissance électrique, puisque c’est au travers de cette création de flux magnétique que sera échangée ou transférée la puissance d’un émetteur vers un récepteur. Un tel système d’émission-réception de puissance utilisant le principe d’induction magnétique contient un émetteur, des antennes (bobines) inductives couplées et un récepteur. Un premier chapitre sera donc consacré à l’étude des antennes d’un point de vue théorique et technologique. Des modèles électromagnétiques d’antennes inductives seront développés, et après validation par corrélation avec des mesures électriques et électromagnétiques, ils seront employés au travers d’intenses simulations électromagnétiques. Ceci afin de montrer l’impact des paramètres définissant ces antennes inductives sur leurs comportements électrique et électromagnétique. Une fois les antennes inductives optimisées et leurs paramètres clés identifiés, on étudiera dans un deuxième temps les effets de l’induction magnétique lorsque qu’une antenne d’émission et une autre de réception sont présentées ensembles et mises en condition de transfert d’énergie. On mettra donc en évidence le principe de couplage magnétique entre les antennes ainsi que la notion de rendement de puissance appelé aussi efficacité de liaison. Les différents paramètres des antennes seront là aussi caractérisés afin d‘étudier leur influence sur le transfert d’énergie inductif. Le tout illustré de la même manière que précédemment, en s’appuyant sur d’intenses simulations électromagnétiques et des modèles validés par rapport à différentes méthodes de mesure. Ceci dans le but de comprendre les mécanismes de fonctionnement et d’optimisation d’un système de transfert d’énergie par induction magnétique ainsi que de proposer des règles générales de conception d’antennes inductives. Dans un troisième temps, on présentera les différents étages électroniques composant les systèmes de transfert d’énergie inductif. Une partie sera dédiée à la définition du point de vue système des éléments constituant la chaine complète d’émission et de réception. La conception, l’optimisation et la mesure des amplificateurs de puissance utilisés au niveau de l’émetteur seront également présentés. En effet, ces systèmes doivent être suffisamment performants afin de transférer des puissances capables d’alimenter des appareils électroniques de type téléphones tout en ayant un bilan de puissance efficace avec des pertes limitées. A partir de modèles de circuits émetteur et récepteur et en s’appuyant sur des simulations circuits, nous estimerons les bilans de puissances afin d’évaluer les performances et les limites des différents systèmes. Ces simulations une fois validées par mesures permettront de quantifier l’efficacité du transfert de puissance et proposer des voies d’optimisation. Ces systèmes et technologies sont de plus en plus utilisés pour l’électronique grand public et il existe actuellement plusieurs standards régissant le transfert d’énergie inductif. Les différentes études présentées dans cette thèse seront donc orientées vers ces différentes normes, et des analogies seront réalisées tout le long du mémoire afin de mettre en exergue leurs différents principes de fonctionnement. / Nowadays there is a strong demand of systems allowing to transfer energy in a wirelessly way to small electronic devices. So we can well understand the interest of such systems in embedded environments such as vehicle cockpit. The principle of magnetic induction comes from a magnetic flux exchange between two inductive antennas. The magnetic field will be used to transport an electrical power from an emitter to a receiver. These systems using the magnetic induction to transfer energy contain an emitter, inductive antennas (coils) and a receiver. A first chapter will be dedicated to the antennas employed in inductive wireless power transfer systems on theoretical and technological points of views. An electromagnetic modeling of these inductive antennas will be realized and validated through correlation with measurements. Once the modeling process defined and the validations done, it will be used through intensive electromagnetic simulations in order to show the impact of antennas parameters on their electrical and electromagnetic performances. After the inductive antennas characterization and their key parameters identification done, we will study in a second time the magnetic induction effects when emission and reception antennas are placed together in order to realize an inductive power transfer. Notions of magnetic coupling which appears between inductive antennas and magnetic efficiency which characterizes how much quantities of power are transferred will be highlighted. In the same conditions as before, the impact of antennas parameters on the power transfer and magnetic coupling will be investigated through electromagnetic modeling of inductive antennas and the use of intensive electromagnetic simulations. Thus, we will have the opportunity to precisely understand the meaning of the inductive power transfer and the different ways of optimizations. By this way, we will also propose some general design guidelines for antennas employed in inductive wireless power transfer systems. A third chapter will be dedicated to the presentation of the different electronic stages used in inductive wireless power transfer systems. A part of it will be employed on the definitions of the different elements allowing the wireless power transfer on a system approach. The design, optimization and measurement of power amplifiers used on the emission stage will be presented too.. Indeed, it is necessary to have efficient power amplification in order to transfer the required power to different receivers such as phones at the same time to limit the power losses. From circuit modeling of different emitter and receiver and with circuit simulations, we will develop power budgets in order to evaluate the performances and limits of these systems. Once the simulation validated by measurement, we will be able to quantify the total power transfer efficiency and propose optimization ways. Because of the current existence of different inductive wireless power standards on the industrial market for electronic consumer, analogies with them will be done all along the different steps of this thesis in order to highlighted their different functioning principles.