The aim of this work was to determine whether line-type features(straight lines found in geometry considered interesting by auser) could be identified in spatial map data of indoorenvironments produced by the Microsoft Hololens augmented realityheadset. Five different data sets were used in this work onwhich the feature detection was performed, these data sets wereprovided as sample data representing the spatial map of fivedifferent rooms scanned using the Hololens headset which areavailable as part of the Hololens emulator. Related work onfeature detection in point clouds and 3D meshes were investigatedto try and find a suitable method to achieve line-type featuredetection. The chosen detection method used LSQ-plane fitting andrelevant cutoff variables to achieve this, which was inspired byrelated work on the subject of feature identification and meshsimplification. The method was evaluated using user-placedvalidation features and the distance between them and the detectedfeatures, defined using the midpoint diistance metric was used asa measure of quality for the detected measures. The resultingfeatures were not accurate enough to reliably or consistentlymatch the validation features inserted in the data and furtherimprovements to the detection method would be necessary to achievethis. A local feature-edge detection using the SOD & ESODoperators was considered and tested but was found to not besuitable for the spatial data provided by the Hololens emulator.The results shows that finding these features using the provideddata is possible, and the methods to produce them numerous. Thechoice of mehtod is however dependent on the ultimate applicationof these features, taking into account requirements for accuracyand performance.

In this thesis we investigate the use of GANs for texture enhancement. To achievethis, we have studied if synthetic satellite images generated by GANs will improvethe texture in satellite-based 3D maps. We investigate two GANs; SRGAN and pix2pix. SRGAN increases the pixelresolution of the satellite images by generating upsampled images from low resolutionimages. As for pip2pix, the GAN performs image-to-image translation bytranslating a source image to a target image, without changing the pixel resolution. We trained the GANs in two different approaches, named SAT-to-AER andSAT-to-AER-3D, where SAT, AER and AER-3D are different datasets provided bythe company Vricon. In the first approach, aerial images were used as groundtruth and in the second approach, rendered images from an aerial-based 3D mapwere used as ground truth. The procedure of enhancing the texture in a satellite-based 3D map was dividedin two steps; the generation of synthetic satellite images and the re-texturingof the 3D map. Synthetic satellite images generated by two SRGAN models andone pix2pix model were used for the re-texturing. The best results were presentedusing SRGAN in the SAT-to-AER approach, in where the re-textured 3Dmap had enhanced structures and an increased perceived quality. SRGAN alsopresented a good result in the SAT-to-AER-3D approach, where the re-textured3D map had changed color distribution and the road markers were easier to distinguishfrom the ground. The images generated by the pix2pix model presentedthe worst result. As for the SAT-to-AER approach, even though the syntheticsatellite images generated by pix2pix were somewhat enhanced and containedless noise, they had no significant impact in the re-texturing. In the SAT-to-AER-3D approach, none of the investigated models based on the pix2pix frameworkpresented any successful results. We concluded that GANs can be used as a texture enhancer using both aerialimages and images rendered from an aerial-based 3D map as ground truth. Theuse of GANs as a texture enhancer have great potential and have several interestingareas for future works.

Swedish maritime rescue consists of a number of resources from various organizations that will work together and achieve a common goal, to save people in need. It turns out that information is a significant factor in maritime rescue missions. Whether you are rescuer at the accident scene or coordinating the rescue mission from the control center, information provides you better situation awareness and knowledge of the situation, which creates better conditions in order achieve the goal for the mission. Applying Unmanned Vehicles (UxV) for Swedish maritime rescue means another resource that can provide additional necessary information. In this study, several methods have been used to find out where in the mission information from UxVs can conceivably contribute. The study identifies three critical situations where there is a need for UxV. This result, in turn, leads to other questions, such as who should be the recipient of the new information and how it affects the information flow as a whole? Information visualization proves to be an important factor in this. Where you can help the recipient of the information in their work with the help of clear and easily understood visualization without affecting the flow or coordination in their work.

Recent improvements in pose estimation has opened up the possibility of new areas of application. One of them is gait recognition, the task of identifying persons based on their unique style of walking, which is increasingly being recognized as an important method of biometric indentification. This thesis has explored the possibilities of using a pose estimation system, OpenPose, together with deep Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) in order to see if there is sufficient information in sequences of 2D poses to use for gait recognition. For this to be possible, a new multi-camera dataset consisting of persons walking on a treadmill was gathered, dubbed the FOI dataset. The results show that this approach has some promise. It achieved an overall classification accuracy of 95,5 % on classes it had seen during training and 83,8 % for classes it had not seen during training. It was unable to recognize sequences from angles it had not seen during training, however. For that to be possible, more data pre-processing will likely be required.

Automatic Face Recognition (AFR) can be useful in the forensic field when identifying people in surveillance footage. In AFR systems it is common to use deep neural networks which perform well if the quality of the images keeps a certain level. This is a problem when applying AFR on surveillance data since the quality of those images can be very poor. In this thesis the CNN FaceNet has been used to evaluate how different quality parameters influence the accuracy of the face recognition. The goal is to be able to draw conclusions about how to improve the recognition by using and avoiding certain parameters based on the conditions. Parameters that have been experimented with are angle of the face, image quality, occlusion, colour and lighting. This has been achieved by using datasets with different properties or by alternating the images. The parameters are meant to simulate different situations that can occur in surveillance footage that is difficult for the network to recognise. Three different models have been evaluated with different amount of embeddings and different training data. The results show that the two models trained on the VGGFace2 dataset performs much better than the one trained on CASIA-WebFace. All models performance drops on images with low quality compared to images with high quality because of the training data including mostly high-quality images. In some cases, the recognition results can be improved by applying some alterations in the images. This could be by using one frontal and one profile image when trying to identify a person or occluding parts of the shape of the face if it gets recognized as other persons with similar face shapes. One main improvement would be to extend the training datasets with more low-quality images. To some extent, this could be achieved by different kinds of data augmentation like artificial occlusion and down-sampled images.

A conventional bicycle is a stable system given adequate forward velocity. However, the velocity region of stability is limited and depends on the geometric parameters of the bicycle. An autonomous bicycle is just not about maintaining the balance but also controlling where the bicycle is heading. Following paths has been accomplished with bicycles and motorcycles in simulation for a while. Car-like vehicles have followed paths in the real world but few bicycles or motorcycles have done so. The goal of this work is to follow a planned path using a physical bicycle without overcoming the dynamic limitations of the bicycle. Using an iterative design process, controllers for direction and position are developed and improved. Kinematic models are also compared in their ability to simulate the bicycle movement and how controllers in simulation translate to outdoors driving. The result shows that the bicycle can follow a turning path on a residential road without human interaction and that some simulation behaviours do not translate to the real world.

LKAB has a mineshaft trolley used for scanning mineshafts. It is suspended down into a mineshaft by wire, scanning the mineshaft on both descent and ascent using two LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) sensors and an IMU (Internal Measurement Unit) used for tracking the position. With good tracking, one could use the LiDAR scans to create a three-dimensional model of the mineshaft which could be used for monitoring, planning and visualization in the future. Tracking with IMU is very unstable since most IMUs are susceptible to disturbances and will drift over time; we strive to track the movement using monocular visual odometry instead. Visual odometry is used to track movement based on video or images. It is the process of retrieving the pose of a camera by analyzing a sequence of images from one or multiple cameras. The mineshaft trolley is also equipped with one camera which is filming the descent and ascent and we aim to use this video for tracking. We present a simple algorithm for visual odometry and test its tracking on multiple datasets being: KITTI datasets of traffic scenes accompanied by their ground truth trajectories, mineshaft data intended for the mineshaft trolley operator and self-captured data accompanied by an approximate ground truth trajectory. The algorithm is feature based, meaning that it is focused on tracking recognizable keypoints in sequent images. We compare the performance of our algortihm by tracking the different datasets using two different feature detection and description systems, ORB and SIFT. We find that our algorithm performs well on tracking the movement of the KITTI datasets using both ORB and SIFT whose largest total errors of estimated trajectories are $3.1$ m and $0.7$ m for ORB and SIFT respectively in $51.8$ m moved. This was compared to their ground truth trajectories. The tracking of the self-captured dataset shows by visual inspection that the algorithm can perform well on data which has not been as carefully captured as the KITTI datasets. We do however find that we cannot track the movement with the current data from the mineshaft. This is due to the algorithm finding too few matching features in sequent images, breaking the pose estimation of the visual odometry. We make a comparison of how ORB and SIFT finds features in the mineshaft images and find that SIFT performs better by finding more features. The mineshaft data was never intended for visual odometry and therefore it is not suitable for this purpose either. We argue that the tracking could work in the mineshaft if the visual conditions are made better by focusing on more even lighting and camera placement or if it can be combined with other sensors such as an IMU, that assist the visual odometry when it fails.

The main objective of this thesis is to propose a localization method for a UAV using various computer vision and machine learning techniques. It plays a major role in planning the strategy for the flight, and acts as a navigational contingency method, in event of a GPS failure. The implementation of the algorithms employs high processing capabilities of the graphics processing unit, making it more efficient. The method involves the working of various neural networks, working in synergy to perform the localization. This thesis is a part of a collaborative project between The University of North Texas, Denton, USA, and the University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada. The localization has been divided into three phases namely object detection, recognition, and location estimation. Object detection and position estimation were discussed in this thesis while giving a brief understanding of the recognition. Further, future strategies to aid the UAV to complete the mission, in case of an eventuality, like the introduction of an EDGE server and wireless charging methods, was also given a brief introduction.

Over the last decades, autonomous robots have been considered in a variety of applications such  as persistent monitoring, package delivery and cooperative transportation. These applications often require the satisfaction of a set of complex tasks that need to be possibly performed in a timely manner. For example, in search and rescue missions, UAVs are expected to cover a set of regions within predetermined time intervals in order to increase the probability of identifying the victims of an accident. Spatio-temporal tasks of this form can be easily expressed in Signal Temporal Logic (STL), a predicate language that allow us to formally introduce time-constrained tasks such as visit area A between 0 and 5 min or robot 1 should move in a formation with robot 2 until robot 1 reaches region B between 5 and 20 sec. Existing approaches in control under spatio-temporal tasks encode the STL constraints using mixed-integer expressions. In the majority of these works, receding horizon schemes are designed and long planning horizons are considered that depend on the temporal constraints of the STL tasks. As a result, the complexity of these problems may increase with the number of the tasks or the length of the time interval within which a STL task needs to be satisfied. Other approaches, consider a limited STL fragment and propose computationally efficient feedback controllers that ensure the satisfaction of the STL task with a minimum, desired robustness. Nevertheless, these approaches do not consider actuation limitations that are always present in real-world systems and thus, yield controllers of arbitrarily large magnitude.  In this thesis, we consider the control problem under spatio-temporal constraints for systems that are subject to actuation limitations. In the first part, receding horizon control schemes (RHS) are proposed that ensure the satisfaction or minimal violation of a given set of STL tasks. Contrary to existing approaches, the planning horizon of the RHS scheme can be chosen independent of the STL task and hence, arbitrarily small, given the initial feasibility of the problem. Combining the advantages of the RHS and feedback strategies, we encode the STL tasks using control barrier functions that are designed either online or offline and design controllers that aim at maximizing the robustness of the STL task. The recursive feasibility property of the framework is established and a lower bound on the violation of the STL formula is derived. In the next part, we consider a multi-agent system that is subject to a STL task whose satisfaction may involve a large number of agents in the team. Then, the goal is to decompose the global task into local ones the satisfaction of each one of which  depends only on a given sub-team of agents. The proposed decomposition method enables the design of decentralized controllers under local STL tasks avoiding unnecessary communication among agents.  In the last part of the thesis, the coordination problem of multiple platoons is considered and related tasks such as splitting, merging and distance maintenance are expressed as Signal Temporal Logic tasks. Then, feedback control techniques are employed ensuring the satisfaction the STL formula, or alternatively minimal violation in presence of actuation limitations. / De senaste ̊artiondena har autonoma robotar sett en rad nya användningsområden, såsom ̈overvakning, paketleverans och kooperativ transport. Dessa innebär ofta att en samling komplexa uppgifter måste lösas på kort tid. Inom Search and Rescue (SAR), till exempel, krävs att drönare hinner genomsöka vissa geografiska regioner inom givna tidsintervall. Detta för att ̈oka chansen att identifierade drabbade vid en olycka. Den här typen av uppgift i tid och rum (spatio-temporal) kan enkelt uttryckas med hjälp av Signal Temporal Logic (STL). STL ̈är ett språk som tillåter oss att på ett formellt sätt formulera tidsbegränsade uppgifter, såsom besök område A mellan o och 5 minuter, eller robot 1 ska röra sig i formationtillsammans med robot 2 till dess att robot 1 når område B mellan 5 och 20 sekunder. Nuvarande lösningar till styrproblem av spatio-temporal-typen kodar STL-begränsningar med hjälp av mixed-integer-uttryck. Majoriteten av lösningarna involverar receding-horizon-metoder med långa tidshorisonter som beror av tidsbegränsningarna i STL-uppgifterna. Detta leder till att problemens komplexitet ̈ökar med antalet deluppgifter inom och tiden för STL-uppgifterna. Andra lösningar bygger på restriktiva STL-fragment och beräkningsmässigt effektiva ̊aterkopplingsregulatorer som garanterar STL-begränsningarna med minimal önskad robusthet. Dessvärre tar dessa sällan hänsyn till fysiska begräsningar hos regulatorn och ger ofta godtyckligt stora styrsignaler. I den här licentiatuppsatsen behandlar vi styrproblem med begräsningar i rum och tid, samt den ovan nämnda typen av fysiska regulatorbegränsningar. I den första delen presenterar vi receding-horizon-metoder (RHS) som uppfyller kraven i STL-uppgifter, eller minimalt bryter mot dessa. Till skillnad från tidigare lösningar så kan tidshorisonten i våra RHS-metoder väljas oberoende av STL-uppgifterna och därmed göras godtyckligt kort, så länge ursprungsproblemet ̈ar lösbart. Genom att formulera STL-uppgifterna som control barrier funktioner kan vi kombinera fördelarna hos RHS och ̊återkoppling. Vi härleder en rekursiv lösbarhetsegenskap och en undre gräns på ̈overträdelsen av STL-kraven. I den andra delen behandlar vi multi-agent-system med uppgifter i tid och rum som berör många agenter. Målet är att bryta ner den globala uppgiften i fler men enklare lokala uppgifter som var och en bara involverar en given delmängd av agenterna. Vår nedbrytning till ̊åter oss att konstruera decentraliserade regulatorer som löser lokala STL-uppgifter, och kan i och med det markant minska kommunikationskostnaderna i j̈ämförelse med centraliserad styrning. I den sista delen av uppsatsen behandlar vi samordning av flera grupper. Vi uttrycker uppgifter såsom delning, sammanslagning och avståndshållning med hjälp av STL, och utnyttjar sedan ̊aterkoppling för att uppfylla eller minimalt bryta mot kraven. / <p>QC 20220311</p>

Driven by the rapid growth in population, urbanization is progressing at an unprecedented rate in many places around the world. Earth observation has become an invaluable tool to monitor urbanization on a global scale by either mapping the extent of cities or detecting newly constructed urban areas within and around cities. In particular, the Sentinel-1 (S1) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Sentinel-2 (S2) MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) missions offer new opportunities for urban mapping and urban Change Detection (CD) due to the capability of systematically acquiring wide-swath high-resolution images with frequent revisits globally. Current trends in both urban mapping and urban CD have shifted from employing traditional machine learning methods to Deep Learning (DL) models, specifically Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Recent urban mapping efforts achieved promising results by training CNNs on available built-up data using S2 images. Likewise, DL models have been applied to urban CD problems using S2 data with promising results. However, the quality of current methods strongly depends on the availability of local reference data for supervised training, especially since CNNs applied to unseen areas often produce unsatisfactory results due to their insufficient across-region generalization ability. Since multitemporal reference data are even more difficult to obtain, unsupervised learning was suggested for urban CD. While unsupervised models may perform more consistently across different regions, they often perform considerably worse than their supervised counterparts. To alleviate these shortcomings, it is desirable to leverage Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL) that exploits unlabeled data to improve upon supervised learning, especially because satellite data is plentiful. Furthermore, the integration of SAR data into the current optical frameworks (i.e., data fusion) has the potential to produce models with better generalization ability because the representation of urban areas in SAR images is largely invariant across cities, while spectral signatures vary greatly.  In this thesis, a novel Domain Adaptation (DA) approach using SSL is first presented. The DA approach jointly exploits Multi-Modal (MM) S1 SAR and S2 MSI to improve across-region generalization for built-up area mapping. Specifically, two identical sub-networks are incorporated into the proposed model to perform built-up area segmentation from SAR and optical images separately. Assuming that consistent built-up area segmentation should be obtained across data modalities, an unsupervised loss for unlabeled data that penalizes inconsistent segmentation from the two sub-networks was designed. Therefore, the use of complementary data modalities as real-world perturbations for Consistency Regularization (CR) is proposed. For the final prediction, the model takes both data modalities into account. Experiments conducted on a test set comprised of sixty representative sites across the world showed that the proposed DA approach achieves strong improvements (F1 score 0.694) upon supervised learning from S1 SAR data (F1 score 0.574), S2 MSI data (F1 score 0.580) and their input-level fusion (F1 score 0.651). The comparison with two state-of-the-art global human settlement maps, namely GHS-S2 and WSF2019, showed that our model is capable of producing built-up area maps with comparable or even better quality. For urban CD, a new network architecture for the fusion of SAR and optical data is proposed. Specifically, a dual stream concept was introduced to process different data modalities separately, before combining extracted features at a later decision stage. The individual streams are based on the U-Net architecture. The proposed strategy outperformed other U-Net-based approaches in combination with uni-modal data and MM data with feature level fusion. Furthermore, our approach achieved state-of-the-art performance on the problem posed by a popular urban CD dataset (F1 score 0.600). Furthermore, a new network architecture is proposed to adapt Multi-Modal Consistency Regularization (MMCR) for urban CD. Using bi-temporal S1 SAR and S2 MSI image pairs as input, the MM Siamese Difference (Siam-Diff) Dual-Task (DT) network not only predicts changes using a difference decoder, but also segments buildings for each image with a semantic decoder. The proposed network is trained in a semi-supervised fashion using the underlying idea of MMCR, namely that building segmentation across sensor modalities should be consistent, to learn more robust features. The proposed method was tested on an urban CD task using the 60 sites of the SpaceNet7 dataset. A domain gap was introduced by only using labels for sites located in the Western World, where geospatial data are typically less sparse than in the Global South. MMCR achieved an average F1 score of 0.444 when applied to sites located outside of the source domain, which is a considerable improvement to several supervised models (F1 scores between 0.107 and 0.424). The combined findings of this thesis contribute to the mapping and monitoring of cities on a global scale, which is crucial to support sustainable planning and urban SDG indicator monitoring. / Vår befolkningstillväxt ligger till stor grund för den omfattande urbanise-ringstakt som kan observeras runt om i världen idag. Jordobservationer harblivit ett betydelsefullt verktyg för att bevaka urbaniseringen på en globalskala genom att antingen kartlägga städernas omfattning eller upptäcka ny-byggda stadsområden inom eller runtom städer. Tillföljd av satellituppdragenSentinel-1 (S1) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) och Sentinel-2 (S2) MultiS-pectral Instrument (MSI) och dess förmåga att systematiskt tillhandahållabreda och högupplösta bilder, har vi fått nya möjligheter att kartlägga urbanaområden och upptäcka förändringar inom dem, även på frekvent åter besöktaplatser. Samtida trender inom både urban kartläggning och för att upptäcka ur-bana förändringar har gått från att använda traditionella maskininlärnings-metoder till djupinlärning (DL), särskilt Convolutional Neural Nets (CNNs).De nytillkomna urbana kartläggningsmetoderna har gett lovande resultat ge-nom att träna CNNs med redan tillgänglig urban data och S2-bilder. Likasåhar DL-modeller, i kombination med S2-data, tillämpats på de problem somkan uppkomma vid analyser av urbana förändringar. Kvaliteten på de nuvarande metoderna beror dock i stor utsträckning påtillgången av lokal referensdata förövervakad träning. CNNs som tillämpaspå nya områden ger ofta otillräckliga resultat på grund av deras oförmågaatt generalisera över regioner. Eftersom multitemporala referensdata kan va-ra svåra att erhålla föreslås oövervakad inlärning för upptäckter av urbanaförändringar. även om oövervakade modeller kan prestera mer konsekvent iolika regioner, generar de ofta betydligt sämre än dess övervakade motsva-righeter. För att undvika de brister som kan uppkomma är det önskvärt attanvända semi-övervakad inlärning (SSL) som nyttjar omärkta data för attförbättraövervakad inlärning eftersom tillgången på satellitdata är så stor.Dessutom har integrationen av SAR-data i de nuvarande optiska ramverken(så kallad datafusion) potential att producera modeller med bättre generali-seringsförmåga då representationen av stadsområden i SAR-bilder är i stortsett oföränderlig mellan städer, medan spektrala signaturer varierar mycket. Denna avhandling presenterar först en ny metod för domänanpassning(DA) som använder SSL. Den DA-metoden som presenteras kombinerar Multi-Modal (MM) S1 SAR och S2 MSI för att förbättra generaliseringen av re-gioner som används vid kartläggning av bebyggda områden. Två identiskaundernätverk är inkorporerade i den föreslagna modellen för att få separataurbana kartläggningar från SAR och optiska data. För att erhålla en kon-sekvent segmentering av bebyggda områden över datamodalitet utformadesen oövervakad komponent för att motverka inkonsekvent segmentering frånde två undernätverken. Således föreslås användningen av kompletterande da-tamodaliteter som använder sig av verkliga störningar för konsistensregula-riseringar (CR). För det slutgiltiga resultatet tar modellen hänsyn till bådadatamodaliteterna. Experiment utförda på en testuppsättning bestående av60 representativa platseröver världen visar att den föreslagna DA-metodenuppnår starka förbättringar (F1 score 0,694) vidövervakad inlärning från S1SAR-data (F1 score 0,574), S2 MSI-data (F1 score 0,580) och deras samman-slagning på ingångsnivå (F1 score 0,651). I jämförelse med de två främstaglobala kartorna över mänskliga bosättningar, GHS-S2 och WSF2019, visadesig vår modell kapabel till att producera bebyggelsekartor med jämförbar ellerbättre kvalitet. Gällande metoder för upptäckter av urbana förändringar i städer föreslårdenna avhandling en ny nätverksarkitektur som sammanslår SAR och op-tisk data. Mer specifikt presenteras ett dubbelströmskoncept för att bearbetaolika datamodaliteter separat, innan de extraherade funktionerna kombine-ras i ett senare beslutsstadium. De enskilda strömmarna baseras på U-Netarkitektur. Strategin överträffade andra U-Net-baserade tillvägagångssätt ikombination med uni-modala data och MM-data med funktionsnivåfusion.Dessutom uppnådde tillvägagångssättet hög prestanda på problem som or-sakas vid en frekvent använd datauppsättning för urbana förändringar (F1score 0,600). Därtill föreslås en ny nätverksarkitektur som anpassar multi-modala kon-sistensregulariseringar (MMCR) för att upptäcka urbana förändringar. Ge-nom att använda bi-temporala S1 SAR- och S2 MSI-bildpar som indata,förutsäger nätverket MM Siamese Difference (Siam-Diff) Dual-Task (DT) intebara förändringar med hjälp av en skillnadsavkodare, utan kan även segmen-tera byggnader för varje bild med en semantisk avkodare. Nätverket tränaspå ett semi-övervakat sätt med hjälp av MMCR, nämligen att byggnadsseg-mentering över sensormodaliteter ska vara konsekvent, för att lära sig merrobusta funktioner. Den föreslagna metoden testades på en CD-uppgift medanvändning av de 60 platserna i SpaceNet7-datauppsättningen. Ett domängapintroducerades genom att endast använda etiketter för platser i västvärlden,där geospatiala data vanligtvis är mindre glest än i Globala Syd. MMCRuppnådde ett genomsnittligt F1 score på 0,444 när det applicerades på plat-ser utanför källdomänen, vilket är en avsevärd förbättring för flera övervakademodeller (F1 score mellan 0,107 och 0,424).Samtliga resultat från avhandlingen bidrar till kartläggning och över-vakning av städer på en global skala, vilket är väsentligt för att kunna bedrivahållbar stadsplanering och övervakning av FN:s globala mål för hållbar ut-veckling. / <p>QC220530</p>