Pusiau pagalbinio veiksmažodžio vaidmuo šiuolaikinėje prancūzų kalboje semantikos ir sintaksės požiūriu yra labai ženklus, nes pusiau pagalbiniai veiksmažodžiai yra dažni ir grožinėje literatūroje, ir dokumentiniame žanre, ir buityje. Kalbininkų požiūris į pusiau pagalbinius veiksmažodžius skiriasi tik dėl paties pavadinimo: pusiau pagalbiniai, veikslo, pagalbiniai veikslo veiksmažodžiai, modaliniai veiksmažodžiai, veiksmažodžių junginiai, tačiau visi kalbininkai sutaria, kad pagalbiniai veiksmažodžiai prancūzų kalboje skiriasi nuo pagalbinių veiksmažodžių tuo, kad jie išsaugo didesnę ar mažesnę semantinės reikšmės dalį ir padeda išreikšti tuos niuansus, kurių neįmanoma išreikšti morfologinėmis formomis. Tai ir yra pusiau pagalbinių veiksmažodžių vaidmuo semantikos požiūriu. Sintaksės požiūriu pusiau pagalbiniai veiksmažodžiai sudaro nedalomą junginį su tariniu, todėl yra sudėtinė tarinio dalis, kuri paklūsta visoms tradicinės gramatikos taisyklėms: yra asmenuojama, kaitoma laikais, asmenimis, derinama su skaičiumi, gimine ir tt. / Semi-auxiliary verb's role in modern French syntax and semantics is very significant because the semi-auxiliary verbs are quite frequent in literature as well as periodicals. All the linguists agree on the fact, that auxiliary verbs or pure modals do not contain any semantic meaning and serve just for grammatical purposes to express future or past times and semi-auxiliary verbs in French do contain some part of its semantic meaning and have some serious impact on the main verb. Linguists’ approaches differ only in the denomination as a semi-auxiliary or auxiliary of aspect, auxiliary aspect verbs, modal verbs, verbs compounds and so on. The semi-auxiliary verbs role consists of its semantic sens as well as its syntactic functions, as semi-auxiliary verbs tend to express the shadings of a verb, that can’t be translated by morphological means and morphological forms. On the syntactic point of view, semi-auxiliary verbs form with the infinitive an integrated combination of the predicate. It is an integral part of the predicate, where the semi-auxiliary acts as a regular verb under all rules of grammar: changes in accordance with person, singular or plural, gender, mode, time etc. / Le rôle du verbe semi-auxiliaire dans le français contemporain du point de vue sémantico- syntaxique est très important, puisque les verbes semi auxiliaires sont fréquents en belles lettres ainsi que les périodiques et le quotidien. Les approches des linguistes envers le verbe semi-auxiliaire ne diffèrent qu’en dénomination : semi-auxiliaire, auxiliaire d’aspect, les aspectuels, les modaux, causatifs, perceptifs, périphrases verbales etc. Tous les linguistes soulignent que le verbe auxiliaire est dépourvu de tout sens, et le verbe semi-auxiliaire en garde une partie sémantique plus ou moins grande. Les semi-auxiliaires aident à exprimer les nuances quand les formes morphologiques ne peuvent pas les couvrir. Le verbe semi-auxiliaire est étroitement lié à l’expression de l’aspect. Le rôle sémantique des verbes semi-auxiliaires consiste à apporter des nuances au verbe principal ou même détourner son sens, tandis que le rôle syntaxique est plus concret et consiste à précéder et faire partie intégrante du prédicat et .

Thesis (M. A. (African Languages)) -- University of the North, 1974 / Refer to the document

No description available.

The aim of this study is to investigate how the modal auxiliaries will and shall and the semi-modal BE going to are used to express futurity by individuals whose first language is Swedish. The study is corpus based, and the corpora used in this study consist of Swedish newspapers in English (SWENC) and material from blogs which are written in English by Swedes (BESC). These are compared with the press sub-corpora in F-LOB (the Freiburg-LOB Corpus of British English) and Frown (the Freiburg-Brown corpus of American English), which represent British and American varieties of English. The method is quantitative and the results are mainly presented in frequencies. The results show that all of the modals are used in SWENC and BESC. The core modal will is the most frequently used modal in all of the corpora and sub-corpora. The semi-modal BE going to is most frequently used in BESC and the second core modal shall is most frequent in SWENC. However, qualitative examination of shall revealed that the writers in SWENC use the modal differently from how it is used in F-LOB Press. This study shows evidence of variation in use of the modals which express futurity. The fact that the semi-modal BE going to exists in the Swedish material indicates that the process of grammaticalization continues in the Swedish form of English.

This thesis explores the connection between linguistic theory, as embodied in a version of the Government - Binding (GB) model of syntax, and the parameter-setting theory of language acquisition. In Chapter 2, it is argued that by incorporating the criterion of epistemological priority, syntactic theory can move closer towards becoming a plausible model of language acquisition. A version of GB theory is developed which adopts this criterion, leading to several modifications, including the derivation of X-bar theory from more "primitive" grammatical sub-components, and a revision of the Projection Principle. This model is converted into a procedure for phrase-structure acquisition, employing sets of Canonical Government Configurations and Percolation Principles to map Case- and θ-relations onto phrase-structure trees. The chapter ends with a discussion of the "missing-subject" stage in the acquisition of English. Chapter 3 concerns auxiliaries. It is argued that parametric variation in auxiliary systems can be reduced to levels of association between INFL and V. The question of irregularity is dealt with through the Designation Convention of Emonds (1985), which makes a distinction between open- and closed- class grammatical elements, and a Parallel Distributed Processing model of learning. The last part of the chapter investigates the learning of the English auxiliary system, and in particular the errors known as "auxiliary overmarking". Chapter 4 investigates the syntax of Subject Auxiliary Inversion (SAI)-type rules. An account of inversion is developed based on the theory of predication, in which inversion-inducing elements are treated as "A'-type" subjects which must be linked to AGR in order to satisfy conditions on Predicate-licensing. A parametrization is developed based on the cross-linguistic examination of SAI-type rules. Chapter 5 concerns the acquisition of SAI. It is argued that there are no invariant "stages" in the development of inversion; rather, a proportion of children misanalyze (WH + contracted auxiliary) sequences as (WH + AGR-clitic) sequences and formulate grammars in which SAI is unnecessary. A "two-tiered" theory of syntactic acquisition is proposed to account for the observed developmental patterns. / Arts, Faculty of / Linguistics, Department of / Graduate

This corpus-based study investigates the most frequent occurring prepositional verbs collocated with the Japanese syntactic compound verb -kiru and aims to establish how the prepositional verb affects the semantic meaning of the verb-kiru construct. The study uses sketchengine’s online database, “Japanese Web2011”, which contains around 8 billion Japanese terms collected from the internet from various online sources from 2011 and onwards. From my results I was able to establish the most frequent occurring prepositional verbs in a -kiru construct from the database, and through a concordance analysis I was able to identify three semantic meanings incurred by the syntactic compound verb -kiru: the semantic meaning of completion, the dual semantic meaning of completion and extremity and the semantic meaning of extremity. Further analysis showed that the semantic meaning of extremity exists in the deep structure of the sentence and when transformed to the surface structure the semantic meaning shifts to that of completion.

“No aspect of Basque linguistics has received more attention over the years than the morphology of the verb.” (Trask 1981:1) The current study examines the complex morphological agreement patterns found in the Basque auxiliary verb system as a case in point for discussion of theoretical approaches to inflectional morphology. The traditional syntax-driven treatment of these auxiliaries is contrasted with an inferential, morphology-driven analysis within the Paradigm Function Morphology framework. Additionally, a computational implementation of the current analysis using the DATR lexical knowledge representation language is discussed.

by Huang Chenfeng. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Bibliography: leaves 175-182.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND HUMANITIES. / Vita. / Bibliography: leaves 712-718. / by Luigi Burzio. / Ph.D.

Esta tese oferece uma análise para os verbos auxiliares em geral e para os auxiliares do português em particular. A nossa proposta é a de caracterizar universalmente os verbos auxiliares como uma classe de elementos verbais que apresentam as seguintes propriedades: pertencem à categoria verbal, apresentam um traço verbal não-valorado [uV], não atribuem papel temático e compõem, juntamente com o verbo principal, um mesmo domínio oracional. A presença do traço [uV] na estrutura dos verbos auxiliares tem como consequência o fato de esses verbos selecionarem uma projeção verbal como complemento. Dentro dessa projeção estará o alvo que vai valorar esse traço não-interpretável por meio da operação Agree (Chomsky 2000, 2001). A postulação dessas quatro propriedades nos permitiu a derivação de critérios de auxiliaridade, uma reinterpretação dos critérios comumente propostos na literatura. Com esse trabalho, chegamos a uma lista de oito critérios necessários e suficientes para a definição de um verbo como auxiliar no português. Da aplicação desses critérios resultou a composição dos membros da classe dos verbos auxiliares do português: ser, ter, estar e ir. Para a análise das passivas, foi adotado o sistema de derivação por smuggling, sugerido por Collins (2005) e o auxiliar ser foi analisado como um verbo funcional que valora o traço [perfectivo] do particípio passivo. Apontamos para a existência de um outro tipo de passiva, as passivas não-canônicas, que apresentam como traço característico a presença do verbo auxiliar ter. Argumentamos que esse verbo é um produto computacional que resulta da combinação dos traços do auxiliar ser com os traços do núcleo funcional v*. Na análise dos auxiliares ter perfectivo e estar progressivo, adotamos uma postura decomposicional, tal como proposta por Kayne (1993), que deriva esses verbos a partir da incorporação de elementos preposicionais aos traços de um verbo auxiliar abstrato. Com isso, temos três verbos auxiliares que resultam da computação sintática: o auxiliar passivo ter, que é a realização dos traços [vSER v*], o auxiliar perfectivo ter, que realiza os traços [vAUX PDEPOIS] e o verbo auxiliar progressivo estar, cujo conjunto de traços inclui [vAUX PDENTRO]. Por fim o auxiliar ir é tratado como um núcleo modal que, em combinação com os traços do núcleo T, gera a interpretação de futuro. / This dissertation puts forward an analysis of auxiliary verbs in general, and of Portuguese auxiliary verbs in particular. The proposal is to universally characterize auxiliary verbs as a class of verbal elements which (i) belong to the verbal category ; (ii) have a unvalued verbal feature [uV] ; (iii) do not assign theta roles ; and (iv), together with the main verb, compose one single phrasal domain. The presence of [uV] guarantees that the auxiliary verb will select a verbal projection as its complement, within which is the target that will value the uninterpretable [uV] feature by means of the operation Agree (Chomsky 2000, 2001). The four characteristics proposed to describe auxiliary verbs allowed for the derivation of criteria of auxiliarity, a reinterpretation of the criteria usually discussed in the literature. Eight necessary and sufficient criteria define an auxiliary verb in Portuguese. The composition of THE Portuguese auxiliary class with its four members ser, ter, estar and ir resulted from the application of these eight criteria. Passives were analysed by means of the smuggling system, proposed by Collins (2005) and the auxiliary ser was considered to be a functional verb which values the [perfective] feature of the passive participle. A non-canonical passive was found to co-exist with canonical passives, one which shows the auxiliary ter. We argue that ter is the computational product of features of the auxiliary ser with features of the functional node v*. For the analysis of perfective ter and progressive estar, we have adopted a decompositional view along the lines of Kayne (1993), which derives these verbs from the incoporation of prepositional elements to the features of an abstract auxiliary verb. So, three of the Portuguese auxiliary verbs result from syntactic computation: passive ter is the manifestation of the features [vSER - v*]; perfective ter is the manifestation of the features [vAUX - PDEPOIS]; and progressive estar includes the features [vAUX - PDENTRO]. And the auxiliary verb ir is treated as a modal head, which, when combined with features of the head T, generate a future reading.