O mercado da carne bovina na China sofreu grandes transformações nos últimos anos, quando o país passou a ser um dos maiores importadores mundiais, apresentando assim oportunidades para os países exportadores. A competitividade de Austrália, Brasil e Estados Unidos, os três principais players que participaram deste mercado nos últimos 20 anos, foi avaliada utilizando o índice de Vantagens Comparativas Reveladas (IVCR). Consideraram-se as importações de carne bovina in natura realizadas via China continental, via Hong Kong e no total de ambos. Os resultados mostraram que o Brasil foi o país mais competitivo ao longo da série, mas seus resultados devem-se às exportações de carne congelada realizadas via Hong Kong. A Austrália é competitiva em ambos mercados, em especial na China continental, se mostrando também o mais competitivo fornecedor de carne resfriada, enquanto que os Estados Unidos tiveram sua competitividade comprometida pela ocorrência do surto de EEB em 2003. Os resultados mostram que a ocorrência de adversidades sanitárias foi o evento mais importante da série, sendo capaz de causar alterações duradouras na competitividade de todos os players. / Beef market in China has undergone major changes in recent years as the country has become one of the largest importers in the world, thus offering opportunities for exporting countries. The competitiveness of Australia, Brazil and the United States, the three main players that participated in this market during the last 20 years, was evaluated using the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index. For this analysis were considered imports of fresh beef imported by mainland China, Hong Kong and the Total of both. The results showed that Brazil was the most competitive country during the series, but its performance is linked to exports of frozen beef made through Hong Kong. Australia is competitive in both markets, especially in mainland China, and is also the most competitive supplier of chilled beef. The United States had its competitiveness in both markets jeopardized by the occurrence of a BSE outbreak in 2003. The results show that the occurrence of sanitary adversities was the most important event of the series, being able to cause long-lasting changes in the competitiveness of all players.

O mercado da carne bovina na China sofreu grandes transformações nos últimos anos, quando o país passou a ser um dos maiores importadores mundiais, apresentando assim oportunidades para os países exportadores. A competitividade de Austrália, Brasil e Estados Unidos, os três principais players que participaram deste mercado nos últimos 20 anos, foi avaliada utilizando o índice de Vantagens Comparativas Reveladas (IVCR). Consideraram-se as importações de carne bovina in natura realizadas via China continental, via Hong Kong e no total de ambos. Os resultados mostraram que o Brasil foi o país mais competitivo ao longo da série, mas seus resultados devem-se às exportações de carne congelada realizadas via Hong Kong. A Austrália é competitiva em ambos mercados, em especial na China continental, se mostrando também o mais competitivo fornecedor de carne resfriada, enquanto que os Estados Unidos tiveram sua competitividade comprometida pela ocorrência do surto de EEB em 2003. Os resultados mostram que a ocorrência de adversidades sanitárias foi o evento mais importante da série, sendo capaz de causar alterações duradouras na competitividade de todos os players. / Beef market in China has undergone major changes in recent years as the country has become one of the largest importers in the world, thus offering opportunities for exporting countries. The competitiveness of Australia, Brazil and the United States, the three main players that participated in this market during the last 20 years, was evaluated using the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index. For this analysis were considered imports of fresh beef imported by mainland China, Hong Kong and the Total of both. The results showed that Brazil was the most competitive country during the series, but its performance is linked to exports of frozen beef made through Hong Kong. Australia is competitive in both markets, especially in mainland China, and is also the most competitive supplier of chilled beef. The United States had its competitiveness in both markets jeopardized by the occurrence of a BSE outbreak in 2003. The results show that the occurrence of sanitary adversities was the most important event of the series, being able to cause long-lasting changes in the competitiveness of all players.

O mercado da carne bovina na China sofreu grandes transformações nos últimos anos, quando o país passou a ser um dos maiores importadores mundiais, apresentando assim oportunidades para os países exportadores. A competitividade de Austrália, Brasil e Estados Unidos, os três principais players que participaram deste mercado nos últimos 20 anos, foi avaliada utilizando o índice de Vantagens Comparativas Reveladas (IVCR). Consideraram-se as importações de carne bovina in natura realizadas via China continental, via Hong Kong e no total de ambos. Os resultados mostraram que o Brasil foi o país mais competitivo ao longo da série, mas seus resultados devem-se às exportações de carne congelada realizadas via Hong Kong. A Austrália é competitiva em ambos mercados, em especial na China continental, se mostrando também o mais competitivo fornecedor de carne resfriada, enquanto que os Estados Unidos tiveram sua competitividade comprometida pela ocorrência do surto de EEB em 2003. Os resultados mostram que a ocorrência de adversidades sanitárias foi o evento mais importante da série, sendo capaz de causar alterações duradouras na competitividade de todos os players. / Beef market in China has undergone major changes in recent years as the country has become one of the largest importers in the world, thus offering opportunities for exporting countries. The competitiveness of Australia, Brazil and the United States, the three main players that participated in this market during the last 20 years, was evaluated using the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index. For this analysis were considered imports of fresh beef imported by mainland China, Hong Kong and the Total of both. The results showed that Brazil was the most competitive country during the series, but its performance is linked to exports of frozen beef made through Hong Kong. Australia is competitive in both markets, especially in mainland China, and is also the most competitive supplier of chilled beef. The United States had its competitiveness in both markets jeopardized by the occurrence of a BSE outbreak in 2003. The results show that the occurrence of sanitary adversities was the most important event of the series, being able to cause long-lasting changes in the competitiveness of all players.

Объем магистерской диссертации 77 страниц основного текста, для иллюстрации использованы 12 таблиц и 5 рисунков. Библиографический список состоит из 73 источника. Актуальность исследования обусловлена тем, что международная торговля – одна из наиболее развитых и традиционных форм международных экономических отношений. Анализ специфических проблем открытой экономики начинается обычно с международной торговли как важнейшей формы международных отношений. В целом международная торговля является средством, с помощью которого страны могут развивать специализацию, повышать производительность своих ресурсов и тем самым увеличивать общий объем производства. Цель работы – проанализировать влияние санкций на специализацию России в международной торговле. Объектом настоящего исследования является влияние санкций на специализацию России в международной торговле, предметом – изменения, которые произошли в структуре международной торговли России в условиях санкций. Мы выявили, что улучшение позиций России в мировой торговле отчасти обусловлено изменением в специализации России связанным с политикой протекционизма и увеличением товарооборотов со странами БРИКС и ЕАЭС в условиях санкций. / The volume of the master's thesis is 77 pages of the main text, 12 tables and 5 figures are used for illustration. The bibliographic list consists of 73 sources. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that international trade is one of the most developed and traditional forms of international economic relations. The analysis of the specific problems of an open economy usually begins with international trade as the most important form of international relations. In general, international trade is a means by which countries can develop specialization, increase the productivity of their resources, and thereby increase overall production. The purpose of this work is to analyze the impact of sanctions on Russia's specialization in international trade. The object of this study is the impact of sanctions on Russia's specialization in international trade; the subject is the changes that have occurred in the structure of Russia's international trade under the sanctions. We found that the improvement in Russia's position in world trade is partly due to a change in Russia's specialization associated with the policy of protectionism and an increase in trade with the BRICS and EAEU countries under sanctions.

[ES] Las exportaciones de Ecuador han estado caracterizadas por productos primarios (Petróleo crudo, banano y plátano, café, camarón, cacao, abacá, madera, atún, pescado, flores naturales) y por productos industrializados (derivados de petróleo, café elaborado, elaborados de cacao, harina de pescado, otros elaborados del producto del mar, químicos y fármacos, manufacturas de metales, sombreros, manufacturas de textiles). Las exportaciones de Ecuador en el período 2017-2021 han estado sobre los 20 mil millones de dólares, de los cuales el 80% corresponde a productos primarios y el 20% a productos industrializados. Dentro de los productos primarios la participación del petróleo crudo ha ido disminuyendo al pasar del 42% en el 2017 a 34% en el 2021, en cambio el resto de productos primarios ha pasado del 58% en el 2017 al 66% en el 2021. Estas cifras significan que la especialización de Ecuador es netamente agrícola. En este contexto la presente investigación titulada "Diseño de un modelo para mejorar la competitividad del sector florícola ecuatoriano" apunta a contribuir el sector agrícola ecuatoriano. Para el efecto el estudio contempló las siguientes investigaciones: a) Competitividad del sector florícola ecuatoriano, para lo cual se aplicó la metodología de Balassa, que determinó que Ecuador y Colombia tienen una fuerte ventaja comparativa en comparación con los países exportadores estudiados como son: Países Bajos, Kenia y Etiopía. Se concluye que Ecuador debe aplicar estrategias de marketing, como es el desarrollo del mercado, para lograr el posicionamiento de su exportación en la Unión Europea que en la actualidad es el principal mercado de flores cortadas del mundo. Otra estrategia que debe aplicar Ecuador es la diversificación relacionada que especifica que se debe aplicar la producción de flores cortadas hacia otras variedades como son crisantemos, claveles, flores y capullos, lirios y orquídeas, que actualmente forman parte del mercado mundial. b) Análisis comparativo de los modelos de la cadena de suministro: ABC, BSC y SCOR, se aplicó una revisión de la literatura, se encontró que el modelo SCOR es una herramienta muy poderosa para estructura, evaluar y comparar las prácticas y el desempeño de la cadena de suministro. El modelo SCOR propone un enfoque integrado que se basa en la concepción de una estructura interconectada que une procesos, incluye métricas de desempeño, mejores prácticas y tecnología con el objeto de la mejora continua de la cadena de suministro. c) Análisis de desempeño de la cadena de suministro del sector florícola ecuatoriano, por métricas, aplicando SCOR y AHP. Para este estudio se aplicó la metodología SCOR y AHP y dio como resultado que los procesos Devolución y Gestión registran las puntuaciones más bajas, y por lo tanto los agentes del sector florícola deberían trabajar más sobre estos procesos para su mejora. Del estudio realizado a la cadena de suministro del sector florícola ecuatoriano se concluye que el modelo SCOR junto con AHP constituyen una adecuada metodología para el análisis de la cadena de suministro del sector florícola, y particularmente del sector florícola ecuatoriano. Los resultados de este estudio muestran las posibilidades tan interesantes que se abren con la aplicación conjunta, para identificar los aspectos más críticos en la SC de un sector con el objeto de introducir mejoras. d) Análisis del desempeño de la cadena de suministro del sector florícola ecuatoriano, por procesos, subprocesos, actividades y tareas, aplicando SCOR y AHP. Se aplicó la metodología SCOR y AHP. Se determinó que de las 29 empresas estudiadas el desempeño tuvo como resultado el 85% de rendimiento calificándose como "bueno". La investigación contribuye a la literatura científica con una propuesta metodológica que utiliza el modelo SCOR con AHP para medir el rendimiento de la cadena de suministro. El modelo propuesto permite analizar el desempeño de la cadena de suministro a nivel sectorial. / [CA] Les exportacions de l'Equador han estat caracteritzades per productes primaris (Petroli cru, bananer i plàtan, café, gambeta, cacau, *abacá, fusta, tonyina, peix, flors naturals) i per productes industrialitzats (derivats de petroli, café elaborat, elaborats de cacau, farina de peix, altres elaborats del producte de la mar, químics i fàrmacs, manufactures de metalls, barrets, manufactures de tèxtils). Les exportacions de l'Equador en el període 2017-2021 han estat sobre els 20 mil milions de dòlars, dels quals el 80% correspon a productes primaris i el 20% a productes industrialitzats. Dins dels productes primaris la participació del petroli cru ha anat disminuint en passar del 42% en el 2017 a 34% en el 2021, en canvi la resta de productes primaris ha passat del 58% en el 2017 al 66% en el 2021. Aquestes xifres signifiquen que l'especialització de l'Equador és netament agrícola. En aquest context la present investigació titulada "Disseny d'un model per a millorar la competitivitat del sector *florícola equatorià" apunta a contribuir el sector agrícola equatorià. Per a l'efecte l'estudi va contemplar les següents investigacions: a) Competitivitat del sector *florícola equatorià, per a això es va aplicar la metodologia de *Balassa, que va determinar que l'Equador i Colòmbia tenen un fort avantatge comparatiu en comparació amb els països exportadors estudiats com són: Països Baixos, Kenya i Etiòpia. Es conclou que l'Equador ha d'aplicar estratègies de màrqueting, com és el desenvolupament del mercat, per a aconseguir el posicionament de la seua exportació a la Unió Europea que en l'actualitat és el principal mercat de flors tallades del món. Una altra estratègia que ha d'aplicar l'Equador és la diversificació relacionada que especifica que s'ha d'aplicar la producció de flors tallades cap a altres varietats com són crisantems, clavells, flors i capolls, lliris i orquídies, que actualment formen part del mercat mundial. b) Anàlisi comparativa dels models de la cadena de subministrament: ABC, *BSC i *SCOR, es va aplicar una revisió de la literatura, es va trobar que el model *SCOR és una eina molt poderosa per a estructura, avaluar i comparar les pràctiques i l'acompliment de la cadena de subministrament. El model *SCOR proposa un enfocament integrat que es basa en la concepció d'una estructura interconnectada que uneix processos, inclou mètriques d'acompliment, millors pràctiques i tecnologia amb l'objecte de la millora contínua de la cadena de subministrament. c) Anàlisi d'acompliment de la cadena de subministrament del sector *florícola equatorià, per mètriques, aplicant *SCOR i *AHP. Per a aquest estudi es va aplicar la metodologia *SCOR i *AHP i va donar com a resultat que els processos Devolució i Gestió registren les puntuacions més baixes, i per tant els agents del sector *florícola haurien de treballar més sobre aquests processos per a la seua millora. De l'estudi realitzat a la cadena de subministrament del sector *florícola equatorià es conclou que el model *SCOR juntament amb *AHP constitueixen una adequada metodologia per a l'anàlisi de la cadena de subministrament del sector *florícola, i particularment del sector *florícola equatorià. Els resultats d'aquest estudi mostren les possibilitats tan interessants que s'obrin amb l'aplicació conjunta, per a identificar els aspectes més crítics en la *SC d'un sector a fi d'introduir millores. d) Anàlisi de l'acompliment de la cadena de subministrament del sector *florícola equatorià, per processos, *subprocesos, activitats i tasques, aplicant *SCOR i *AHP. Es va aplicar la metodologia *SCOR i *AHP. Es va determinar que de les 29 empreses estudiades l'acompliment va tindre com a resultat el 85% de rendiment qualificant-se com a "bo". La investigació contribueix a la literatura científica amb una proposta metodològica que utilitza el model *SCOR amb *AHP per a mesurar el rendiment de la cadena de subministrament. El model proposat permet analitzar l'acompliment de la c / [EN] Ecuador's exports have been characterized by primary products (crude oil, bananas and plantains, coffee, shrimp, cocoa, cocoa, abaca, wood, tuna, fish, natural flowers) and industrialized products (petroleum derivatives, processed coffee, processed cocoa, fishmeal, other processed seafood, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, manufactured metals, hats, manufactured textiles). Ecuador's exports in the period 2017-2021 have been over US$20 billion, of which 80% corresponds to primary products and 20% to industrialized products. Within primary products the participation of crude oil has been decreasing going from 42% in 2017 to 34% in 2021, on the other hand the rest of primary products has gone from 58% in 2017 to 66% in 2021. These figures mean that Ecuador's specialization is purely agricultural. In this context, the present research entitled "Design of a model to improve the competitiveness of the Ecuadorian flower sector" aims to contribute to the Ecuadorian agricultural sector. For this purpose, the study contemplated the following research: a) Competitiveness of the Ecuadorian flower sector, for which the Balassa methodology was applied, which determined that Ecuador and Colombia have a strong comparative advantage compared to the exporting countries studied such as: Netherlands, Kenya and Ethiopia. It is concluded that Ecuador should apply marketing strategies, such as market development, to achieve export positioning in the European Union, which is currently the main market for cut flowers in the world. Another strategy that Ecuador should apply is related diversification, which specifies that it should apply the production of cut flowers to other varieties such as chrysanthemums, carnations, flowers and buds, lilies and orchids, which are currently part of the world market. b) Comparative analysis of supply chain models: ABC, BSC and SCOR, a literature review was applied, and it was found that the SCOR model is a very powerful tool for structuring, evaluating and comparing supply chain practices and performance. The SCOR model proposes an integrated approach based on the concept of an interconnected structure that links processes, includes performance metrics, best practices and technology for the purpose of continuous improvement of the supply chain. c) Performance analysis of the supply chain of the Ecuadorian flower sector, by metrics, applying SCOR and AHP. For this study, the SCOR and AHP methodology was applied and resulted in the Return and Management processes registering the lowest scores, and therefore the floriculture sector agents should work more on these processes for their improvement. From the study of the supply chain of the Ecuadorian flower sector, it is concluded that the SCOR model together with AHP is an adequate methodology for the analysis of the supply chain of the flower sector, and particularly of the Ecuadorian flower sector. The results of this study show the interesting possibilities opened up by their joint application to identify the most critical aspects of a sector's SC in order to introduce improvements. d) Analysis of the performance of the Ecuadorian flower supply chain, by processes, sub-processes, activities and tasks, applying SCOR and AHP. The SCOR and AHP methodology was applied. It was determined that of the 29 companies studied, the performance resulted in 85% of performance, qualifying as "good". The research contributes to the scientific literature with a methodological proposal that uses the SCOR model with AHP to measure supply chain performance. The proposed model allows the analysis of supply chain performance at the sector level. / Rodríguez Mañay, LO. (2023). Diseño de un modelo para mejorar la competitividad de la cadena de suministro del sector florícola ecuatoriano [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/194338