The aim of this thesis is to deal with teaching of negative numbers in mathematics in lower primary school. The thesis brings an overview of exercises related to negative numbers, which are available in textbooks dedicated to lower and upper primary school. Main part of the thesis is devoted to three different experiments - pupils experiment, teaching experiment and parlour game. The pupils experiment analysis the successes and troubles of pupils attending 4th and 5th class when filling out the worksheets focused on various models of negative numbers. Furthermore, the teaching experiment based on a questionnaire survey describes comments of lower and upper primary school teachers in regards to implementation and usefulness of negative numbers. Parlour game experiment demonstrates the ability of pupils to grasp mathematical phenomenon by playing a game. Key words: ­ additive operations with negative numbers ­ experiment ­ models of negative number: thermometer, floor, surface ­ environment Stepping ­ environment Stairs ­ word problems ­ board game ­ negative numbers

In this work, a comparative analysis of basic models with classical methods was carried out, a conclusion was formed on the possibility of practical application of basic models for forecasting time series. In the first part of the work, a theoretical analysis of the available literature on the topic of the study was carried out, the main features of modern basic models were studied. In the second chapter of the work, a scheme of the experiments was presented. A list of classical forecasting methods used in the study is provided, the process of their automated training using the AutoGluon framework is described. Among the basic models, the following were selected: Chronos, TimeGPT and Lag-Llama. The Chronos model was used only in the mode without examples, and the Time-GPT and Lag-Llama models, in addition, were evaluated after fine-tuning. To conduct the assessment, reference data sets from the Monash Repository were selected. In the third chapter of the work, the obtained results were interpreted and recommendations for the use of basic models in forecasting were formulated. / В данной работе был проведен сравнительный анализ базисных моделей с классическими методами, сформирован вывод о возможности практического применения базисных моделей для прогнозирования временных рядов. В первой части работы был проведен теоретический анализ доступной литературы по теме исследования, изучены основные особенности современных базисных моделей. Во второй главе работы была представлена схема проводившихся экспериментов. Приведен перечень классических методов прогнозирования, используемых в исследовании, описан процесс их автоматизированного обучения с применением фреймворка AutoGluon. Среди базисных моделей были выбраны: Chronos, TimeGPT и Lag-Llama. Модель Chronos использовалась только в режиме без примеров, а модели Time-GPT и Lag-Llama, помимо этого, оценивались после точной настройки. Для проведения оценки были выбраны эталонные наборы данных из Monash Repository. В третьей главе работы была проведена интерпретация полученных результатов, сформулированы рекомендации по использованию базисных моделей в прогнозировании.