Some trace elements and various PCB congeners were determined in superficial sediments from Liverpool Bay. Some sediment parameters were also determined for a better understanding of the distribution of these contaminants. Lower amounts of fine particles were found in sediments from the southern area of the sampling grid where the hydrodynamic conditions inhibit the deposition and favour the resuspension of particles with small diameter. The distribution of muddy deposits was patchy throughout the bay although the mud deposits near the Burbo Bight seem to be a permanent feature. The concentrations of trace elements and carbon were determined in two grain size fractions. Carbon in the fine fraction increased in sediment samples with lower proportions of fine sediments probably as a result of an increase in the available surface area since these samples apparently had higher proportions of clays. This relationship was scattered suggesting that the inputs of carbon from different sources, i. e., waste disposal, riverine inputs and autochthonous production, overshadow any clear trends between carbon and grain size in sediments. This observation is consistent with the distribution of S13C values. The concentration of organic matter in coarse sediments seemed to be determined by the amount of surrounding fine particles, particularly in samples with fine fraction concentrations higher than 5%. The concentrations of all of the trace elements, except arsenic, in the coarse fraction were correlated with the organic matter content suggesting that the organic phase is an important carrier of metals in the coarse particles. In the fine fraction, however, there was a large variability in the correlations, suggesting different geochemical behaviour between trace elements. For example a contrasting behaviour was observed between mercury and arsenic since the former seemed to be associated with land derived organic matter with no correlations with the content of iron and manganese, whereas arsenic showed a strong correlation with these two elements reflecting its preference for hydrous oxides of iron and manganese. The geochemical behaviour of each particular trace element seems to play an important role in the observed distributions of the elements in Liverpool Bay sediments. PCBs were determined in total sediments. A high correlation between PCB concentrations and the fine fraction content was observed as a result of the preferential association of these contaminants in fine particles. The distribution of normalized PCB concentrations indicated that inputs from the Mersey may be an important source of PCBs. Different patterns were observed in the PCB congener composition of the samples which reflected the different sources and degree of alteration of the "original" pattern found at the source. The changes in the composition were related to the degree of chlorination and substitution pattern since these factors control the physicochemical properties of PCB congeners. The sediments were classified based on their elemental content and on their PCB contents by means of multivariate statistical methods. The sediments were classified in similar groups from their organic and inorganic contents, which suggested that the sources of organic and inorganic contaminants in Liverpool Bay are similar.

Thesis (MTech(Business Administration))-- Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012 / In the education and training environment retention and a high throughput rate of students are common objectives of many learning institutions from government sponsored community training programmes to tertiary institutions. High dropout and attrition in many of these education and training programmes is, therefore of great concern for all stakeholders in these institutions. The high dropout rate experienced in entrepreneurial training programmes is, in particular, of great concern, given its importance in the South African economy. The New Venture Creation (NVC) Learnership NQF Level 4, is one such training programme rolled out by the South African government to develop entrepreneurs in the previously disadvantaged section of the South African population for various socio-economic and political reasons. The Services SETA were responsible for the roll out NVC Learnership for previously disadvantaged individuals (PDI„s) within the Saldanha Bay Municipal area. The PDI‟s refer to those sections of the population who were isolated in terms of new venture creation during the apartheid regime. Depriving these South Africans of the necessary entrepreneurial skills for new venture creation had an impact on their participation in entrepreneurship and the formal economy. The social context of the potential entrepreneur, further, impact hugely on objectives envisaged for these programmes. One of the key objectives of the programme is to change the attitude towards entrepreneurship from the tendency to start survivalist to establishing sustainable business ventures. The entrepreneurial mind-set of the trainee and the training context, therefore, play a huge role. In order to address the issue of huge trainee dropout and develop the mind-set of trainees in NVC programmes, this study seeks to explore the issue of academic resilience as a key area of intervention to ensure higher retention and throughput rate.The current study was concerned with assessing the personal factors and other factors in the training context perceived by trainees‟ to influence their academic resilience in the New Venture Creation (NVC) training programme.An in-depth literature study was done to establish the factors on a personal level and in the training context that tend to influence the academic resilience of trainees. Graduates in a NVC Learnership in St. Helena Bay formed the case study to assess these factors by means of a structured questionnaire and a semi-structured interview. The semi-structured interview offered graduates the opportunity to elaborate on certain findings in the questionnaire. A focus group session was held with another group who did a similar NVC NQF Level 4 Learnership, to corroborate and validate the findings of the interviews in the first group.The research revealed that personal and training contextual factors do influence the academic resilience of trainees in the NVC training programme. The research findings, further, revealed that these factors have huge implications for facilitation and, in particular, on a pedagogical level.

The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the pattern of distribution of some elements in the tidal flat environment at Mud Bay near Crescent Beach, B.C. Samples of sediment were collected in a regular pattern over the bay. Quantitative chemical analyses of the samples were made for acid-soluble copper, zinc, lead, and molybdenum. The same samples were analysed spectrochemically for iron and sulphur. The results of the analyses were plotted on base maps and contoured. It was found that there was a definite pattern of sedimentation. Because of the shallow depth of water at high tide and the bay's sheltered aspect, deposition of finer-grained material occurred near shore. In slightly deeper and more exposed parts of the bay fine-grained material was winnowed leaving coarse-grained sediment. Most of the elements showed a definite pattern of distribution. Sulphur, copper, and zinc showed a tendency to concentrate in finer-grained materials. Iron, in the form of magnetite, was deposited with coarser-grained materials near river mouths and exposed parts of the bay. Lead values were too low to permit conclusions regarding its distribution. Molybdenum concentrations were below the detection level of the method of chemical analysis. No attempt was made to determine the form in which the elements were present nor to determine the reason for their concentration other than to suggest the most obvious possibilities. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Wreck Bay is located on the west coast of Vancouver Island at 49°00'N, I25°38'W. It is roughly crescent shaped with a small cuspate foreland named Sand Point in the middle, and measures 2½ miles (2.17 kilometers) between the enclosing headlands of Quisitis and Wya Points. Rocks exposed along the coast are indurated, unmetamorphosed, impure sandstones and mudstones of late Jurassic to early Cretaceous age. They were derived from the hinterland northeast of Wreck Bay, and were rapidly deposited into a trough which extended parallel to the present-day coastline. The contact between these sediments and the source rocks is thought to lie beneath a thick cover of Pleistocene material which now overlies the Estevan Coastal Plain; the southwestern edge of the paleotrough, from seismic evidence, appears to lie 5 - 6 miles (4.35 - 5.22 kilometers) seaward from the present-day coastline. Infilling of both sides of this paleotrough with Pleistocene and Recent sediments has resulted in a narrow, arcuate, present-day trough on the continental shelf adjacent to Wreck Bay. The Pleistocene sediments, consisting of cohesive grey clay and glaciofluvial outwash, were also derived from the mountainous hinterland to the northeast, and recent sediments derived therefrom are dispersed across the bay and inner shelf. Boulders and gravel freed from the retrograding sea cliff behind the beach have settled to the base of wave erosion in the bay, and this coarse "mat" is covered by a thin veneer of very well sorted fine sand which becomes progressively finer further away from shore. A nearshore surface current transports clay, silt and some of the sand southeastwards to Wya Point and the offshore trough. During the summer, breaker heights in the bay vary from 0.75 - 4.00 feet (0.23 - 1.27 meters), and it is calculated that during winter storms, wave heights exceed 19 feet (5.75 meters). The foreshore in summer consists of fine, light-coloured sand, and slopes gently seaward at less than 2.6°. Profile changes on the foreshore result from three controlling factors: the breaker height, the breaker incident angle, and the position of the water table on the beach. The direction of littoral drift near the middle of the beach changes with tide level, but generally it is towards Sand Point and very strong; near Quisitis and Wya Points it is weak, and consistently away from them; elsewhere, it is weak and variable in direction. Transverse profiles were found to be most sensitive to tidal range where the brisker incident angle was small and consistent; they were virtually insensitive where the breaker incident angle was small and variable. In winter, the foreshore is generally less steep than in summer, and near Sand Point the surface material of the beach is reduced to coarse gravel as sand is carried out to the middle of the bay; northwest and southeast from here, the beach surface consists of dark-coloured medium sand; adjacent to the two headlands, the light-coloured fine sand of summer remains. Profile changes in winter are determined by breaker heights only, the other two controlling factors becoming insignificant. Runnels, or incipient beach cusps, tend to form wherever littoral drift is not too strong, and their spacing is apparently related to the thickness of the swash wedge. The cliffbase along the northwest half of Wreck Bay very closely approximates a log-spiral curve in plan due to the angular relationship between prevailing wave fronts and the coastline; the southeast half, however, does not, because a complex wave pattern is created in the lee of islands located in the middle of the bay. The value of gold contained in the backshore near Lost Shoe Creek is calculated to be $10,650. An offshore placer deposit at 20 fathoms (36,6 meters) depth is indicated by a great increase in the amount of magnetite and other heavy minerals there, together with the fact that a small mode of very fine sand, which contains most of the heavy minerals onshore, reappears in samples collected from this bathymetric level. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The demand for a model study of the Range problem in Table Bay Harbour was referred late in 1941 to the Research section of the Chief Civil Engineer's Department or the South African Railways and Harbours, the Research Engineer being requested to undertake an investigation. The Research Engineer at the time, Dr. C. V. von Abo. and the author commenced the task in January, 1942, by visiting Cape Town to sample nautical and technical opinion and study conditions, provisionally, on site.

Bibliography: pages 220-234. / This thesis examines the historic right of the Kalk Bay fishermen to occupy the area and exploit the marine resources of False Bay. It attempts to provide the historical base absent from anthropological, and other, works which have focussed on the area. In recent years, the local handline fishing community has faced destruction by a complex web of political, social and economic forces. This work shows that these have simply been new challenges in a long line, albeit the most serious, faced by the fisherfolk of Kalk Bay. The study begins with an examination of human settlement, and the origins of fishing, in Kalk Bay to the late nineteenth century. This is followed by an analysis of the organisation of the local fishing industry at the close of that century. These two chapters provide the backdrop for discussion of the commercialization of the local fishing effort, between 1890 and 1913. The fourth chapter deals with the establishment of the modern fishing industry in Kalk Bay, from 1913 to 1939. The thesis concludes with a brief examination of the community to the 1980s. Major findings are that the local fishermen of today are the product of a cultural and economic tradition stretching back thousands of years. By the late nineteenth century, the rhythm of life in the area was being rapidly changed by its incorporation into the social and economic orbit of greater Cape Town. Over the main period covered by the thesis, the local fishermen, as a result of their race and class, occupied the weaker position in conflicts with local authorities, the state and capital. However, they were able to fight dependence upon a single buyer and growing pressures for their proletarianisation and managed to maintain their independence as petty-commodity producers. The independence of the fisherfolk was nevertheless maintained at the expense of increasingly depressed local markets for their fish. Since the Second World War, the escalating political, social and economic subordination of the fisherfolk has progressively threatened the existence of the handline fishing industry and the fishing community at Kalk Bay. However, should racial ideologies and commitment to monopoly capitalization of the industry be set aside by the state, the Kalk Bay fisherfolk could survive, albeit in altered and diminished circumstances.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts For the degree of Master of Arts, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies University of Zululand, 1998. / The gaming practice or activity commonly known as gambling has become a major force in the tourism industry and an important money earner in the economy of many countries. It has always been a popular form of recreation yet gambling remains a controversial issue in many societies. The Empangeni-Richards Bay urban environment has been confronted with the emerging debate whether or not to introduce casino gaming or not in the area. This study examines the local residents' perceptions of the proposed establishment of a casino gambling resort in their locality. The study has revealed two opposing perceptions, the group lobbying for and the group lobbying against the casino. The group in favour of the casino proved to be in the majority, emanating from the poor Black population whose members hope for job opportunities and increased tourism activity. The anti-casino lobbying group was found to be in the minority and comprised the higher income people from the prestigious residential areas of Richards Bay, who fear the disadvantages associated with commercial gaming. The study makes several recommendations relating to what would be best for both groups in the study area. Some of these include that: (a) the gaming casino is to be located away from both prestigious and lower income residential areas; (b) the casino should be established for purposes of promoting eco-tourism, where its location assumes a balance between natural wildlife and modernised African cultural artefacts and facilities for attracting tourists. (c) a gaming studies and research institute should be established at a local provincial university, so as to facilitate tourism education among the populace, as well as gaming-based skills and professional training. In conclusion, the study found that there was significant support for the establishment of the gaming casino, with the hope that its negative social, economic and environmental impacts could be well managed and minimised. / KwaZulu-Natal Sustainable Tourism Research Programme

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