Thesis advisor: Charles Hoffman / Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and the second messengers that modulate several biological processes are regulated by adenylyl cyclase (AC) and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs). ACs and PDEs are comprised of superfamilies of enzymes that are viewed as druggable targets due to their many distinct biological roles and tissue-specific distribution. As such, small molecule regulators of ACs and PDEs are important as chemical probes to study the roles of individual ACs or PDEs and as potential therapeutics. In the past, our lab has expressed 15 mammalian PDE genes in S. pombe, replacing the endogenous Cgs2 PDE. High throughput screens for PDE inhibitors identified novel compounds that show relevant biological activity in mammalian cell culture assays. The aim of this thesis is to develop tools to understand the mechanism of interaction between key regulators of the cAMP pathway and small molecules. The current study is comprised of two parts. In the first part of this thesis, I developed a genetic screen that detected alleles whose proteins remain active in the presence of BC54 and was to confirm the effect of the PDE4BT407A mutation using cell-based assays and in vitro enzyme assays. In the second part of this thesis, I developed and carried out HTSs using a PKA-repressed GFP reporter that can identify compounds that reduce PKA activity, which would include PDE activators and AC or GNAS1 inhibitors. To date, I have identified three AC inhibitors that appear to act on several of the ten different mammalian ACs. To our knowledge, this is the first time a large HTS has identified AC inhibitors, where inhibition was assessed inside the cells. The findings in this thesis will be useful in the design of more effective PDE inhibitors and in the development of novel chemical probes for studying cAMP signaling in mammalian cells. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Biology.

Thesis advisor: Charles Hoffman / Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and the second messengers that modulate several biological processes are regulated by adenylyl cyclase (AC) and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs). ACs and PDEs are comprised of superfamilies of enzymes that are viewed as druggable targets due to their many distinct biological roles and tissue-specific distribution. As such, small molecule regulators of ACs and PDEs are important as chemical probes to study the roles of individual ACs or PDEs and as potential therapeutics. In the past, our lab has expressed 15 mammalian PDE genes in S. pombe, replacing the endogenous Cgs2 PDE. High throughput screens for PDE inhibitors identified novel compounds that show relevant biological activity in mammalian cell culture assays. The aim of this thesis is to develop tools to understand the mechanism of interaction between key regulators of the cAMP pathway and small molecules. The current study is comprised of two parts. In the first part of this thesis, I developed a genetic screen that detected alleles whose proteins remain active in the presence of BC54 and was to confirm the effect of the PDE4BT407A mutation using cell-based assays and in vitro enzyme assays. In the second part of this thesis, I developed and carried out HTSs using a PKA-repressed GFP reporter that can identify compounds that reduce PKA activity, which would include PDE activators and AC or GNAS1 inhibitors. To date, I have identified three AC inhibitors that appear to act on several of the ten different mammalian ACs. To our knowledge, this is the first time a large HTS has identified AC inhibitors, where inhibition was assessed inside the cells. The findings in this thesis will be useful in the design of more effective PDE inhibitors and in the development of novel chemical probes for studying cAMP signaling in mammalian cells. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Biology.