Des études internes à Liebherr-Aerospace France, concernant la conception de nouveaux compresseurs lubrifiés par gaz réfrigérant, ont montré que dans des conditions de fonctionnement spécifiques, un mélange de vapeur et de liquide apparaît au sein du compresseur, au lieu d'une phase vapeur seule. De ce fait, le comportement des paliers à feuilles lubrifiés au gaz réfrigérant est étudié, y compris la possibilité d'un écoulement diphasique du lubrifiant. L'étude porte sur le comportement du lubrifiant uniquement, dans des conditions de fonctionnement qui sont celles des paliers à feuilles. L'approche Thermo-Hydrodynamique décrit les caractéristiques du lubrifiant telles que la pression, la densité, la viscosité et la température. Dans ce modèle, une équation de Reynolds généralisée pour écoulement turbulent, une équation d'état non-linéaire pour écoulement diphasique et une équation de l'énergie tridimensionnelle pour film-mince et écoulement turbulent sont utilisées. Les paramètres globaux du palier sont calculés en régime permanent. / Internal experiments at Liebherr-Aerospace FRANCE on new refrigerant-lubricated compressor designs have shown that under specific operating conditions, a mixture of vapor and liquid appears in the compressor, instead of a single-phase vapor flow. Therefore, refrigerant-lubricated foil bearings behavior is studied, including the likelihood of two-phase flow in the lubricant. We focus on the lubricant behavior only, in the operating conditions of foil bearings. The Thermo-Hydrodynamic approach describes lubricant characteristics such as pressure, density, viscosity, and temperature. It involves the use of a generalized Reynolds equation for turbulent flow, a nonlinear cubic equation of state for two-phase flow and a 3D turbulent thin-film energy equation. Journal bearing global parameters are calculated for steady-state conditions.

Ce document présente les analyses expérimentales de deux types de composants aérodynamiques, lubrifiés en air : les butées à feuilles et les paliers à feuilles. Ces éléments constituent une nouvelle génération d'organes de guidages, et gagnent à être implémentés dans des machines tournantes dont les performances sont critiques. En effet, ils permettent d'atteindre des vitesses élevées, sans usure en régime établit, et diminuent la puissance dissipée en comparaison à des solutions fonctionnant avec de l'huile. Ce mémoire est une contribution à l'étude de chacun de ces éléments, dont les niveaux respectifs de maturité technologique ne sont pas similaires. Le palier à feuilles possède une littérature plus riche que la butée, dont aucune analyse expérimentale dynamique n'a été menée jusqu'à présent. Un banc d'essai, destiné à l'étude de butées à feuilles, sous des charges statiques et dynamiques, est conçu. Les caractéristiques de démarrage montrent une augmentation linéaire du couple de démarrage avec la charge statique, une augmentation linéaire du couple en fonctionnement aussi bien avec la charge statique qu'avec la vitesse de rotation, et enfin, une augmentation globale de la vitesse de décollage avec la charge statique. Les essais dynamiques montrent, pour la raideur dynamique, une augmentation non linéaire avec la fréquence d'excitation (entre 150 Hz et 750 Hz) ainsi qu'avec la charge statique appliquée. L'amortissement visqueux équivalent diminue avec la fréquence d'excitation, mais augmente avec la charge statique. Les essais montrent, à charge équivalente, une diminution de la raideur et de l'amortissement avec l'augmentation de la vitesse de rotation. Les facteurs d'amortissements structurels diminuent avec l'augmentation de la fréquence d'excitation, et augmentent avec la charge statique. Afin de se rapprocher d'une architecture de turbomachine, un banc d'essai existant est adapté à l'utilisation de paliers à feuilles. L'étude du comportement de deux rotors rigides (un léger et un lourd) est menée. Celle-ci s'effectue de deux façons : par l'analyse de spectrogrammes enregistrés suivant deux directions du plan de chaque palier, ou bien en étudiant la réponse synchrone à différents balourds. Une confrontation avec deux modèles théoriques est effectuée, en comparant soit la réponse synchrone au balourd dans chaque palier, soit les spectrogrammes. Les balourds sont comparés avec un modèle de rotor rigide linéaire (analyse en petites perturbations) à 4 degrés de libertés, dans lequel les coefficients dynamiques des paliers obtenus grâce au code Foil sont utilisés. les spectrogrammes montrent des vibrations sous-synchrones, qui sont reproduites dans ce mémoire au moyen d'un modèle simplifié de force dynamique. Les résultats expérimentaux actuels montrent les limites des modélisations des paliers à feuilles existantes. Afin d'améliorer la connaissance et la prédiction de ces composants, il est dorénavant nécessaire d'établir un nouveau modèle dynamique, non linéaire, permettant de prédire les réponses synchrones aux balourds ainsi que la richesse sous-synchrone de la signature dynamique d'un rotor supporté par ces paliers. / This document deals with the experimental analyses of two types of air lubricated aerodynamic components: foil journal bearings and foil thrust bearings. These components belong to a new generation of bearings, and are well worth integrating in turbomachinery, which performances are at stakes. Indeed they enable to reach very high speeds without any wear in continuous regime and they diminish energy loss compared to oil bearings. This memoir is a contribution to these two elements, which maturity levels are different.A test rig dedicated to the study of foil thrust bearings under both static and dynamic loads is designed. Start-up characteristics show a linear increase of start-up torque with static load, a linear increase of the fluid film torque with both static load and rotation speed, and an increase of lift-off speed with rotation speed. Dynamical tests show a non linear increase of the stiffness with both excitation frequency (between 150 Hz and 750 Hz) and static load. Equivalent viscous damping decreases with excitation frequency, but increase with static load. Loss factor decreases with excitation frequency and increase with static load.An existing test rig was modified to test foil journal bearings, in a close architecture compared to turbomachines. Two rigid rotors (one light and one heavy) supported by two foil journal bearings were studied. Study is made in two different ways: by the analysis of the displacements spectrograms in two perpendicular directions on each bearing, or the study of the synchronous response at different unbalance masses. A comparison between experimental results and two theoretical models is made. Unbalance responses are compared to a linear rigid rotor model with 4 degrees of freedom, in which the dynamic coefficients of the foil journal bearings are obtained thanks to the Foil algorithm. Spectrograms show sub-synchronous vibrations that are computed thanks to a simplified dynamic force model. Experimental results show the limits in the foil journal bearings theoretical models. In order to improve knowledge and prediction of these components, it is now compulsory to establish a new non-linear dynamical model, enabling to predict both the synchronous unbalance responses and the complexity of the sub-synchronous dynamical signature of a rotor maintained by two foil journal bearings.

Every machine needs to be maintained and controlled, if may work reliably during they service life. Big part of service life of expensive machines are those machines in operation. Vibration diagnostics is type of analysis, that doesn’t need removal of rotation machinery. The vibration, that are created by running machinery, are used as source of information about mode of operation. This master’s thesis contains theoretical analysis of vibration diagnostics and vibration measurements of a particular machine. This thesis contains 3D models of bearings and rotor asynchronous machine, which are created by software Autodesk Inventor 2014. Bearings vibration analysis of this models is performed by software Ansys Workbench.

Subjekt of this diploma thesis is createing of 3D model of a balancing shafts and a dynamic model of the balancing shaft and needle roller or plain bearings. To decide from the results of dynamic analysis in MBS (Multi-Body-System), which type of bearing is the best for storage the balancing shaft in the engine Zetor type series III.

No description available.

The present work focuses on the test method for the investigation of combined journal-thrust bearings. In simple applications, radial or thrust bearings are separated physically and can be considered as stand-alone machine elements. These can each be dimensioned by established calculation models. In compact designs, combined bearings must be used due to space savings. In this case, the bearing parts are present as a unit in which the axial part is supplied with lubricant from the radial part. If the bearing parts are treated separately, the oil outlet temperature of the radial part can serve as the input variable for the axial part. In this case, both the coupled thermal conduction between the running surfaces through the material and the pressure interaction between the two bearing parts are neglected. The thermal coupling of the bearing parts leads to an overall higher thermal load. The pressure interaction affects the respective volume flow, which also has a significant influence on the respective bearing temperatures. The development and validation of a simulation program required accompanying extensive measurements on the real bearing. For this purpose, the development of a suitable test bench for applying a combined radial and axial load is to be presented in this paper. In addition, the measurement procedures will be discussed, such as the determination of pressure and temperature in the bearing surfaces and the transition areas between journal and thrust bearing parts. Finally, the temperature distribution between a pure radial load on a journal bearing and a combined load on the identical journal-thrust bearing will be compared using the example of an operating point.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1979 D46 / Master of Science

When the primary measurement sensor is passive in nature--by which we mean that it does not directly measure range or range rate--there are well-documented challenges for target state estimation. Most estimation schemes rely on variations of the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), which, in certain situations, suffer from divergence and/or covariance collapse. For this and other reasons, we believe that the Kalman filter is fundamentally ill-suited to the problems that are inherent in target state estimation using passive sensors. As an alternative, we propose a bounded-error (or set-membership) approach to the target state estimation problem. Such estimators are nearly as old as the Kalman filter, but have enjoyed much less attention. In this study we develop a practical estimator that bounds the target states, and apply it to the two-dimensional case of a submarine tracking a surface vessel, which is commonly referred to as Target Motion Analysis (TMA). The estimator is robust in the sense that the true target state does not escape the determined bounds; and the estimator is not unduly pessimistic in the sense that the bounds are not wider than the situation dictates. The estimator is--as is the problem itself--nonlinear and geometric in nature. In part, the simplicity of the estimator is maintained by using redundant states to parameterize the target's velocity. These redundant states also simplify the incorporation of other measurements that are frequently available to the system. The estimator's performance is assessed in a series of simulations and the results are analyzed. Extensions of the algorithm are considered.

The electric car is a technically efficient driveline, although it is demanding in terms of the primary energy source. Most trips are below 50 km and the mean power required for maintaining speed is quite low, but the system has to be able to both provide long range and high maximum power for acceleration. By separating power and energy handling in a hybrid driveline, the primary energy source, e.g. a battery can be optimised for specific energy (decreasing costs and material usage). Kinetic energy storage in the form of flywheels can handle the short, high power bursts of acceleration and decceleration with high efficiency. This thesis focuses on the design and construction of flywheels in which an electric machine and a low-loss magnetic suspension are considered an integral part of the composite shell, in an effort to increase specific energy. A method of numerically optimising shrink-fitted composite shells was developed and implemented in software, based on a plane stress assumption, with a grid search optimiser. A composite shell was designed, analysed numerically and constructed, with an integrated permanent magnet synchronous machine. Passive axial lift bearings were optimised, analysed numerically for losses and lift force, and verified with experiments. Active radial electromagnets optimised for high stiffness per ohmic loss were built and analysed in terms of force and stiffness, both numerically and experimentally. Electronics and a high-speed measurement system were designed to drive the magnetic bearings and the electric machine. The control of these systems were implemented in an FPGA, and a notch-filter was designed to suppress eigenfrequencies to achieve levitation of the rotor. The spin-down losses of the flywheel in vacuum were found to be 1.7 W/Wh, evaluated at 1000 rpm. A novel switched reluctance machine concept was developed for hollow cylinder flywheels. This class of flywheels are shaft-less, in an effort to avoid the shaft-to-rim connection. A small-scale prototype was built and verified to correspond well to analytical and numerical models, by indirect measurement of the inductance through a system identification method.

The purpose of the present PhD research project was to evaluate the feasibility of the electrodeposition of novel thin Ni composite coatings with lubricant particles from an additive-free Watts bath and their application as diffusion barrier layers in journal bearings for medium-speed diesel engines. Overall, the main objective was to develop thin Ni composite coatings with the following characteristics: • Improved tribological performance. • Good adhesion properties. • Good ‘anti-diffusion’ performance. Ultrasound was used in the preparation of pure Ni coatings and Ni composite coatings with lubricant particles under different conditions in order to understand how ultrasonic cavitation influences electrodeposition and characteristics of said Ni-based coatings. Two main studies were conducted related to this: 1. Study of the effect of ultrasonic power on the electrodeposition of pure Ni coatings to understand the influence of cavitation phenomena near the surface of the cathode on the properties of Ni deposits 2. Study of the effect of ultrasound on the production of Ni composite coatings to understand the influence of ultrasound in the dispersion of particles, the electrodeposition of Ni composite coatings and the properties of said Ni composite coatings. The influence of ultrasound on the dispersion of particles in the Watts bath was evaluated by observing the visual appearance of the resulting dispersions and analysing the particle size distribution of diluted solutions by laser diffraction-based particle sizing methods. The effect of ultrasound on the characteristics of Ni deposits and Ni composite coatings electrodeposited from the additive-free Watts bath was evaluated by different material characterization techniques: Abstract • X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis was employed to observe the orientation of the Ni crystals that formed the coatings. • Field Ion Beam – Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM) was employed to analyse the surface morphology and microstructure of the coatings. • Microhardness tests were performed to observe how the modification of the grain structure and the presence of particles may affect the hardness of the coatings. • Glow Discharge – Optical Emission Spectroscopy (GD-OES) was also employed to estimate the particle content in the Ni composite coatings.