<p>Remembering requires an awareness of prior occurrence. In contrast, learning is indicated by savings on performing a task; no awareness of prior occurrence is necessary. Previous research has shown that performance on measures of learning can be functionally and statistically dissociated from performance on remembering tasks. Some investigators have concluded that these dissociations indicate that there are separate memory systems. The experiments performed in this thesis investigate the alternative explanation that dissociations between measures of memory result because of differing retrieval requirements. Whereas previous experiments employed learning and remembering tasks that were mismatched in their reliance on conceptual processes, the present experiments employ a learning task that focuses on the conceptual relations between words.</p> <p>Meaningfulness of study processing was manipulated by requiring categorization of word pairs as similar or dissimilar. When the same categorization was performed at transfer, learning was of greater magnitude and of longer duration for more meaningfully related words. When repeated words were categorized by different attributes virtually no learning was observed. Therefore, in contrast to other research (e.g., Jacoby & Dallas, 1981), the meaningfulness and context of processing words were important determinants of learning.</p> <p>The relation between remembering and savings on categorization was investigated by requiring a recognition decision after each categorization at transfer. Effects on recognition paralleled those on categorization. Better recognition performance was observed for more meaningfully related words and for words repeated in the same task context. Discrimination of task context also was better for more meaningfully related words. Therefore, the effect of equating processing requirements between measures was to produce a functional dependence between remembering and learning. A statistical dependence between measures also was obtained. At transfer, faster than average categorizations were associated with "old" recognition decisions in conditions in which subjects based their recognition decision on familiarity only. However, the conclusion of statistical association is tentative because the requirement to recognize after categorization interfered with categorization.</p> <p>Manipulations of retrieval processes were successful in converting dissociations into associations. Therefore, this investigation supports the differing retrieval requirements explanation of dissociations between measures of memory.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

In this thesis I discuss (1) the importance of status-age variations in the foraging behavior of individuals within a flock and (2) cultural transmission of foraging information among Gray-breasted Jays (Aphelocoma ultramarina), a cooperative breeder. Results of the experiments suggest that (1) subordinates are less successful in certain foraging situations than dominants, (2) the foraging preferences of young birds are not as defined as those of adults, (3) subadults obtain foraging information from adult flock members, and (4) older subordinates may not change their established preferences as easily as dominants (or younger birds) even when a cost to that preference is introduced. I suggest that, at least in this cooperative breeder, the flock provides a valuable source of environmental information.

Thesis (M.Ed.)--University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 164-169). Also available in print.

Workers in colonies of European honey bees Apis mellifera L. clean their nestmate's body by allogrooming behavior. This behavior may be initiated by either grooming dancers or by the allogroomers themselves. The first occurs less frequently (ca. 17 %) than the later (83 %). By using the inner edge of mandibles, allogroomers comb the hairy parts around the receiver wing bases, sites around which are unreachable by the receiver herself, and where adult females of the tracheal mite Acarapis woodi and the ectoparasite mite A. dorsalis commonly harbor. There are two groups of allogroomers : the specialist, which grooms six or more nestmates within one bout of allogrooming, and the non-specialist, which grooms fewer nestmates. A specialist that groomed 132 nestmates in one bout was observed in this study. Although allogrooming may be initiated by the grooming dancer, the relationship between the two behaviors is negligible. Worker bees perform allogrooming behavior more as a routine task rather than as a response to the grooming dance. Sunlight intensity, and probably temperature, outside the hive influence allogrooming intensity. The intensity increases during sunny days and decreases at night. It also decreases when the day is cloudy or rainy. An intensity of fourteen events per 1000 workers every two minutes was observed during sunny days, so that all the workers in the colony would be groomed ca. eight times within 24 hours. There is very little temporal basis for allogrooming behavior. It is performed by workers of any age above two days. Any nestmate, regardless of age, can be groomed. However, it was observed that bees of foraging age were groomed less frequently. / Graduation date: 1993

Thesis (PHD)--University of Montana, 2009. / Title from author supplied metadata. Contents viewed on December 28, 2009. Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.