The study presented here was to investigate the traditional production of the Ugandan fermented cereal beverage, Obushera. The effects of germination and malting of sorghum grains under different steeping treatment were first investigated. The traditional preparation of Obushera beverage was carried out and course of fermentation monitored. The viscosity of Obushera was very low throughout the fermentation process. The microflora responsible for the fermentation of Obushera were identified. After considerable research and conduction of tests were carried out, it was found that there was no detectable quantity of alcohol in Obushera. It was also confirmed that that there were no strains of alcohol producing yeasts, such as Saccharomyces sp. found in the Obushera. / Master of Science (Hons) (Food Science)

Thesis (Ph.D.)--York University, 2004. Graduate Programme in Psychology. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 191-208). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ99226

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Auburn University, 2008. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-59).

Thesis (M.S.)--Eastern Illinois University, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 42-47).

Thesis--Helsinki.

Individual differences in subjective response to alcohol have been implicated as a risk factor for the development of alcohol use disorders. There are, however, a variety of ethical, legal, and practical considerations surrounding alcohol administration studies which limit the extent to which this marker can be used to identify those believed to be at greater risk. The current research contains two related laboratory studies with the overall goal of identifying valid and reliable correlates of individual differences in subjective response to alcohol that can be used to discern emerging adults at greater risk for problematic drinking. Study 1 evaluated the associations between the actual subjective experience of a moderate dose of alcohol (BAC .08%) and three domains of potential correlates: anticipated subjective response based on a hypothetical drinking scenario (targeted .08% BAC); response to other physiological and perceptual challenges (e.g., CO₂ challenge, spinning challenge); and indices of cognitive impairment implicated as risk factors for the development of alcohol use disorders. Study 2 examined each of these domains in relation to transitions in heavy drinking from high school to college to determine whether they were associated with changes in relative risk during this developmental period. Overall, the results provide support for the utility of examining individual differences in subjective response to alcohol based on a hypothetical drinking scenario. The evidence suggests that experienced drinkers are capable of reliably and accurately estimating their subjective response to alcohol, that these anticipated effects are distinct from general beliefs about the effects of alcohol on behavior (i.e., alcohol expectancies), and that they are associated with patterns of drinking in emerging adults. There was little evidence to suggest that individual differences in subjective response to alcohol were associated with subjective response to other physiological or perceptual challenges, or patterns of cognitive impairment previously shown to be related to an increased risk for alcohol dependence. The results of the current study support the utility of using measures of anticipated subjective response as a proxy for individual differences in subjective response to alcohol when the administration of alcohol is either not appropriate or feasible. / text

Background The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSBs) among children and adolescents, particularly carbonated soft drinks, are always blamed to be the contributor to the epidemic of overweight and obesity. With the number of obese population increased, people become increasingly more focus on the relationship between SSB and the weight gain problems. However, because there are some characteristics of these beverages that people can get energy and happiness, so that people enjoy drinking sugar-sweetened beverage especially children who like sugar and sweet. So, people are still wondering the association between SSB and obesity. Methods A literature search was performed using Google scholar and Pubmed to locate all relevant articles in English that study the impacts of SSB on the weight gain and obesity on children and adolescent up to December 2013. Findings Eleven core references were found to study the association between SSB and the weight gain among children and adolescent including 4 randomized trial studies, 6 cross-sectional studies and 1 case-control study. Conclusions The data collected from large cross-sectional studies, especially the long-term studies shows that there is a positive association between the intake of SSB and the weight gain and obesity in children and adolescent. A case control study based on hospital shows that the children who with less soft-drink consumptions have lower prevalence of obesity and overweight. In addition, the randomized control trials indicate that the greater consumption of SSB, the easier to gain weights among children and adolescents. Although more evidence are needed, the sufficient evidence exists now are not encouraging the public to intake too many sugar-sweetened beverage as a healthy behavior. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

Background Dental caries on primary and permanent teeth is a common chronic disease worldwide with negative effects on children`s quality of life, both in the present and future. Sugar intake is a risk factor for caries. However, the association between sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and dental caries is unclear. Methods A systematic review of relevant literature was performed in PubMed, Cochrane Library and ScienceDirect to locate every journal article in English assessing the association between SSBs and dental caries up to May 2014. Quality assessment criteria were formed by 10 essential items in STROBE statement. Results Fourteen studies were included in the present review, of which 11 were cross-sectional studies and 3 were cohort studies. Study participants were recruited from dentistry units, schools or communities. Interview-based or self-reported questionnaires for parents or caregivers were measurement tools for exposure variables. Clinical/dental examination was used to assess the outcome variables in participating children. Decayed, missing, and filled system was used among studies to record caries status. Sources of potential bias may be measurement on exposure and outcome as well as sources and methods of participants selection. Confounding existed due to nature of observational study and possible confounders included age, gender, education and location of children as well as socioeconomic position and oral health awareness of parents. Synthesis of results suggested that there may be a positive association between SSBs and dental caries, providing evidence for policymaking and recommendations for further studies. Conclusions Sugar-sweetened beverages intake could be considered as positively associated with childhood dental caries. Prevention strategy on individual level and population level on dental caries should put more attention on SSBs. Further experimental studies or research with advanced epidemiological instruments are needed for more confident recommendations on preventive strategies. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

Graduation date: 1960

Consumers have varying needs and their behaviour changes as they progress through life. It is difficult to forecast and meet needs without empirical evidence on an individuals changing behaviour over time. For categories without such data on behaviour, marketers would highly value any information that estimates change in behaviour as the respondent matures. / From the findings of this study, the conclusions show that by adhering to a number of guidelines for retrospective data collection, reliable data can be collected on patterns of regular alcohol consumption. Whether this method can be applied to other categories should be investigated further. / From this study it is shown that a retrospective method is valuable for generating data on historical patterns of behaviour for categories where such data is lacking, and that the data obtained is invaluable for illustrating the relationship between significant events and patterns of behaviour. The retrospective method of data collection can show marketers the age(s) that changes take place in patterns of behaviour, and whether certain significant events coincide with changes in behavioural patterns. With a dearth of literature in this area of marketing science, these findings are noteworthy, of practical value and requiring further research. / Thesis (PhDBusinessandManagement)--University of South Australia, 2007.