A 3.5 jours de développement (J3.5), l'embryon de souris est constitué d'un épithélium externe, le trophectoderme, et d'une masse cellulaire interne (MCI). La MCI est hétérogène, constituée des précurseurs de l'épiblaste (Epi) et de l'endoderme primitif (EPr), représentée par l'expression exclusive de Nanog et de Gata6 respectivement. Lors de l'implantation à E4.5, l'EPr forme un épithélium à la surface de la MCI, en regard de la cavité blastocoelique. L'Epi donnera tous les tissus du nouveau-né. L'EPr permet les premiers échanges nutritionnels entre l'embryon et la mère. Je m'intéresse au rôle de Nanog et de Gata6 dans la détermination et la différenciation de l'Epi et de l'EPr. De plus, je m'intéresse à l'implication de la signalisation RTK dans l'expression de ces deux gènes. Enfin, je cherche à comprendre les interrelations entre Gata6 et Nanog. A l'aide des modèles de souris KO, des modèles in vitro ainsi que des techniques innovantes développées au sein du laboratoire, nous avons mis en évidence que la modulation de l'expression de Nanog, Gata6, Fgf4 et Fgfr2 semble suffisante pour l'engagement des cellules vers un devenir Epi ou EPr. De plus, ces résultats permettent de proposer un nouveau modèle expliquant le rôle de Gata6 et de Nanog dans la spécification des cellules Epi et EPr. / At 3.5 days of development (E3.5), the mouse embryo consists of an outer epithelium, the trophectoderm, and an inner cell mass (ICM). The ICM is heterogeneous, composed of the precursors of the epiblast (Epi) and the primitive endoderm (PrE), expressing either Nanog or Gata6 respectively. Upon implantation at E4.5 the EPr forms an epithelium on the surface of the ICM, facing the blastocoelic cavity. The Epi give rise all tissues of the newborn. The PrE allows the first nutritional exchanges between the embryo and the mother. I focus on the role of Nanog and Gata6 in the determination and differentiation of Epi and PrE. In addition I am interested in the involvement of RTK signaling in the expression of both genes. Finally, I seek to understand the relationships between Gata6 and Nanog. Using the transgenic mouse models, in vitro models as well as innovative techniques developed in the laboratory, we have demonstrated that modulating the expression of Nanog, Gata6, FGF4 and FGFR2 seems sufficient for commitment of cells to become an Epi or EPr. Furthermore, these results allow proposing a new model explaining the role of Gata6 and Nanog in the determination and differentiation of Epi and PrE cells.

Breast cancer (BC) is a complex disease with over 25,000 new diagnoses made in Canadian women every year. The disease can be caused by inactivation of the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) pathway, a major anti-tumor mechanism that protects against the abnormal cell division and growth that occurs in breast cancer, but how the pathway is inactivated has yet to be completely elucidated. BMI1 is an established oncogene that is overexpressed in BC and is associated with poor disease prognosis. BMI1 is a component of the polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) that acts to repress transcription of the ARF/INK4A locus encoding two important tumor suppressor genes. We have recently shown a novel property of BMI1 in attenuation of ATM function independent of this locus. We thus hypothesize a role of BMI1 in promoting BC formation through inhibiting oncogene-induced ATM activation, allowing cancer-promoting genes to induce abnormal cellular growth. To examine this hypothesis, we transiently expressed oncogene c-Myc with or without BMI1 co-expression. As expected, ectopic c-Myc expression upregulated γH2AX, a demonstrated target of ATM; concurrent BMI1 expression reduced the γH2AX levels. Similar observations were also obtained using a BMI1 mutant deficient in promoting PRC1-mediated repression of the ARF/INK4A locus. These observations support the concept that BMI1 contributes to ATM inactivation during BC tumorigenesis through mechanisms independent of PRC1. To further examine this concept, we investigated the association of γH2AX and BMI1 in vivo. In MCF7 cell-produced xenograft tumors, the presence of γH2AX nuclear foci was clearly observed, indicative of ATM activation during BC tumorigenesis. In xenografts generated by MCF7 cells stably expressing BMI1, a trend of reduction in γH2AX nuclear foci was observed. To further model BMI1’s pathological relevance in c-Myc induced BC under a more physiological setting, we are developing transgenic mouse models (GEM) with breast-specific c-Myc expression with or without a breast-specific BMI1 knockout. The goal of these experiments is to recapitulate the above in vitro and in vivo observations. The expectation, should it be achieved, will significantly strengthen the connection between BMI1 and ATM during breast cancer tumorigenesis. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Breast cancer (BC) is a complex disease with over 25,000 new diagnoses made in Canadian women every year. Normally there are anti-tumor mechanisms in place to protect against the abnormal cell division and growth that is associated with breast cancer. We propose a novel function of protein BMI1 to explain how breast cancer cells override these protective pathways. BMI1 is known to contribute to BC through inhibiting production of key tumor suppressing proteins and has recently been shown to decrease activity of the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)- mediated tumor inhibiting pathway. We propose a novel role of BMI1 in promoting breast tumor formation through inhibiting the ATM-mediated anti-tumor barrier, allowing cancer-promoting genes (oncogenes) to induce abnormal cellular growth. BMI1 was shown to be able to reduce oncogene induced ATM activity, in an action independent of established mechanisms. Additionally in MCF7 BC tumors, the presence of BMI resulted in a trend of reduction in ATM activity. Continued work to develop a transgenic mouse model with a breast specific BMI1 knockout will help further our understanding of BMI1’s role in BC tumorigenesis.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第21994号 / 医博第4508号 / 新制||医||1037(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 羽賀 博典, 教授 武藤 学, 教授 山下 潤 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

DNA damage response (DDR) maintains genome integrity through checkpoint activation and lesion repair. While ATM and ATR are essential in DDR, mechanisms regulating their activation remain unclear. BMI1 is a component of the polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1), and contributes to PRC1’s E3 ubiquitin (E3-Ub) ligase activity though binding the catalytic subunit RING2. BMI1 binds RING2 through its ring finger (RF) domain. The E3-Ub ligase activity contributes to BMI1-deirved facilitation of the homologous recombination-based repair of DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs). My research demonstrates that BMI1 reduces ATM and ATR activation during DDR. DSBs and single-strand DNA (ssDNA) lesions respectively activate ATM and ATR. ATM subsequently phosphorylates CHK2 at threonine 68 (CHK2pT68) and induces G2/M arrest. ATR produces CHK1pS345 and S-phase arrest. Both kinases phosphorylate histone H2AX at serine 139 (γH2AX) to prepare for lesion repair. Hydroxyurea initiates DDR via producing ssDNA lesions, and increases ATR activation (phosphorylation of T1989/ATR pT1989), CHK1pS345, γH2AX, and S-phase arrest. These events were significantly reduced and enhanced following the respective BMI1 overexpression and BMI1 knockdown in MCF7 and DU145 cells. BMI1 also displays similar effects towards ATM during DDR induced by etoposide-caused DSBs. Activation of ATM and ATR requires the formation of the ATM-NBS1 and ATR-TOPBP1 complexes. We observed that BMI1 interacted with NBS1 or TOPBP1. Deletion of the RF domain from BMI1 did not affect the associations and also had no effects on BMI1’s activity in reducing ATM activation and ATR-mediated CHK1 pS345. Collectively, our research suggests that BMI1 attenuates ATM and ATR signaling independently of the E3-Ub ligase activity. Genotoxic treatments elicit DDR in cells that are directly exposed and also in cells that are not exposed, a phenomenon known as bystander effect (BE). However, it remains unclear what mediates the BE. Microvesicles are small membrane-enclosed sacks that are shed from donor cells and communicate specific messages to recipient cells. We demonstrated that microvesicles isolated from cells treated with etoposide and ultraviolet induced BE in recipient cells. Neutralization of microvesicles through annexin V reduced the microvesicles-associated BE. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

BMI1 est une protéine appartenant à la famille des polycombs impliquée dans la régulation épigénétique de la transcription. Il a été montré que cette protéine est essentielle à la régulation de la prolifération, de la sénescence et du métabolisme ainsi qu’à l’auto-Renouvellement des cellules souches hématopoïétiques et cancéreuses. Ce répresseur transcriptionnel au fort potentiel oncogénique est retrouvé surexprimé dans de nombreux types de cancer ; dans le cas de la Leucémie Myéloïde Chronique (LMC) le niveau d’expression de BMI1 augmente avec l’aggravation de la pathologie. Cependant, les voies de signalisation impliquées dans sa surexpression et le rôle qu’il joue au sein de cette maladie demeurent méconnus. En réprimant l’expression de BMI1 par ARN interférence nous avons pu mettre en évidence que ce polycomb était essentiel à la prolifération cellulaire ainsi qu’au potentiel clonogénique des cellules de LMC. Nous avons également démontré pour la première fois que BMI1 soutenait la croissance tumorale à travers la répression d’un processus autophagique délétère pour la cellule cancéreuse. Une approche transcriptomique nous a permis d’identifier la cible transcriptionnelle impliquée dans ce processus, la Cycline G2. Nous avons, pour finir, trouvé une molécule, via une approche bioinformatique, capable de réinduire l’expression de la Cycline G2 dans les cellules de LMC, l’alexidine dihydrochloride. Cette molécule induit une forte autophagie dans les cellules cancéreuses ainsi que de l’apoptose. Elle s’est également montrée capable de resensibiliser à l’imatinib (un inhibiteur de BCR-ABL) une lignée pourtant résistante. / The polycomb protein Bmi1 is a major epigenetic regulator. It has been shown that this protein is essential for the regulation of cell proliferation, senescence and metabolism but also self-Renewal of hematopoïetic and cancer stem cells. This transcriptional repressor, with a strong oncogenic potential, is overexpressed in many types of cancer. In case of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) the expression level of BMI1 is associated with worsening prognosis. However, the signaling pathways involved in its overexpression and its role in this disease remains unclear. By using RNAi to repress BMI1 expression we highlighted that this polycomb was essential for proliferation and clonogenicity of CML cells. We also demonstrated, for the first time, that BMI1 supported tumor growth through repression of deleterious cancer cell autophagy. A transcriptomic approach allowed us to identify a transcriptional target involved in this process: the Cyclin G2. Through a bioinformatic approach, we finally found a molecule capable of expression re-Induction of Cyclin G2 in CML cells : alexidine dihydrochloride. This molecule induced a high level of autophagy as well as apopotosis in cancer cells. It had also been able to re-Sensitize to imatinib a resistant cell line. In conclusion, our results revealed a new role for the polycomb BMI1 in supporting the CML pathology. Moreover, our work allowed the identification of two new approaches for therapeutically targeting this oncogene functions.

La rétine est constituée de plusieurs types de neurones incluant les cellules amacrines, ganglionnaires, bipolaires et les photorécepteurs. Les photorécepteurs, qui englobent les cônes et les bâtonnets, sont des neurones sensoriels hautement spécialisés qui permettent la conversion de la lumière en signaux électriques par le mécanisme de phototransduction. Les mécanismes moléculaires par lesquels les progéniteurs rétiniens (RPCs) se différencient en différents neurones spécialisés comme les photorécepteurs sont encore peu connus. Le gène Polycomb Bmi1 appartient à la famille des gènes Polycomb qui forment des complexes multimériques impliqués dans la répression de l’expression génique via le remodelage de la chromatine. Au niveau biologique, le gène Bmi1 régule, entre autre, le contrôle de la prolifération cellulaire, le métabolisme des radicaux libres, et la réparation de l’ADN. Récemment, il a été démontré que Bmi1 joue un rôle critique dans la prolifération et l’auto-renouvellement d’un groupe de RPCs immatures. De plus, Bmi1 est essentiel au développement post-natal de la rétine. L'objectif de cette étude est d'analyser le rôle de Bmi1 dans le développement et la survie des photorécepteurs chez la souris. Nos résultats révèlent un phénotype de dégénérescence des photorécepteurs de types cônes chez notre modèle de souris déficiente pour Bmi1. Les bâtonnets sont insensibles à la mutation. De plus, Bmi1 est exprimé de façon prédominante dans les cônes. Nos expériences de culture de cellules rétiniennes suggèrent que le phénotype est cellule-autonome. Par ailleurs, la co-délétion du gène Chk2, membre de la réponse aux dommages à l'ADN, permet de ralentir la progression du phénotype. Les rétines Bmi1-/- et Bmi1-/-Chk2-/- présentent une augmentation importante des dommages oxydatifs à l'ADN. Ces résultats suggèrent que le stress oxydatif pourrait jouer un rôle important dans la survie des cônes. L'étude du rôle du gène Polycomb Bmi1 dans les photorécepteurs est importante pour une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes contribuant à la survie des cônes et pourrait mener à la découverte de nouveaux traitements des maladies dégénératives des cônes. / The retina is composed of several types of neurons such as amacrin, ganglion, bipolar and photoreceptor cells. Photoreceptors, which include cones and rods, are highly specialized neurons that convert light into electrical signals by phototransduction. The molecular mechanisms involved in differentiation of retinal progenitors (RPCs) into specialized neurons such as photoreceptors are poorly understood. The polycomb gene Bmi1 is a member of the Polycomb gene family that forms multimeric complexes involved in chromatin remodeling leading to gene repression. Biological functions of Bmi1 include regulation of cell proliferation, free radical metabolism, and DNA repair. Recently, it was shown that Bmi1 plays a critical role in the proliferation and self-renewal of a specific immature RPC group. Moreover Bmi1 is essential for post-natal retinal development. The objective of the current study is to analyze Bmi1 function in photoreceptor development and survival. Our results show that Bmi1 deficiency in mice causes degeneration of cone photoreceptors, but not of rods. Furthermore, Bmi1 is predominantly expressed in cones. Experiments using primary retinal cell cultures suggest a cell-autonomous phenotype. In addition, codeletion of Bmi1 and the critical DNA damage response protein Chk2 resulted in partial rescue and slow-down of cone degeneration. Bmi1-/- and Bmi1-/-Chk2-/- retinas also exhibit an important increase in oxidative DNA damage, suggesting that cellular redox state could play an important role in cone survival. Our studies on the role of Bmi1 in photoreceptors elucidate the mechanisms contributing to cone survival, and could lead to the development of new treatments for cone degenerative diseases.

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京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医科学) / 乙第12971号 / 論医科博第2号 / 新制||医科||5(附属図書館) / 32409 / 新制||医科||5 / 横浜市立大学大学院国際総合科学研究科バイオ科学専攻 / (主査)教授 長船 健二, 教授 中畑 龍俊, 教授 髙折 晃史 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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