Esta dissertação constitui uma análise do nacionalismo presente na obra do poeta escocês Robert Burns. Observando conceitos sobre nação e nacionalismo, investigando a invenção e manutenção de tradições, e traçando momentos históricos importantes para a formação da identidade nacional, é nosso objetivo analisar poemas e canções de Burns em busca de elementos que constroem uma imagem da Escócia como nação. / This dissertation presents an analysis of the nationalism in works of the Scottish poet Robert Burns. By dealing with concepts related to nation and nationalism, by investigating the invention and preservation of traditions, and by pointing out historical events which may have been influential to the shaping of the national identity, our goal is to analyse poems and songs by Burns in search of elements that build an image of Scotland as a nation.

Esta dissertação constitui uma análise do nacionalismo presente na obra do poeta escocês Robert Burns. Observando conceitos sobre nação e nacionalismo, investigando a invenção e manutenção de tradições, e traçando momentos históricos importantes para a formação da identidade nacional, é nosso objetivo analisar poemas e canções de Burns em busca de elementos que constroem uma imagem da Escócia como nação. / This dissertation presents an analysis of the nationalism in works of the Scottish poet Robert Burns. By dealing with concepts related to nation and nationalism, by investigating the invention and preservation of traditions, and by pointing out historical events which may have been influential to the shaping of the national identity, our goal is to analyse poems and songs by Burns in search of elements that build an image of Scotland as a nation.

ITC/USA 2009 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Fifth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 26-29, 2009 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / The field of Terahertz (THz) radiation, electromagnetic energy, between 0.3 to 3 THz, has seen intense interest recently, because it combines some of the best properties of IR along with those of RF. For example, THz radiation can penetrate fabrics with less attenuation than IR, while its short wavelength maintains comparable imaging capabilities. We discuss major challenges in the field: designing systems and applications which fully exploit the unique properties of THz radiation. To illustrate, we present our reflective, radar-inspired THz imaging system and results, centered on biomedical burn imaging and skin hydration, and discuss challenges and ongoing research.

Nursing activities directed at maintaining patient comfort incorporates time and energy. Nurses and researchers continue to search for adequate methods and information to quantify pain. The common mode of therapy is the administration of narcotics, which do not consistently relieve the pain described by traumatically injured patients. Discovery of endogenous opiates, such as β-endorphins, provided the potential for acquiring additional physiologic information regarding neuro-endocrine activities associated with pain. Consistent findings of concentrated β-endorphins in areas of the central nervous system previously identified as pain pathways prompted clinical researchers to determine β-endorphin levels in patients experiencing pain. The purposes of this investigation were to study β-endorphin levels in burn injured patients by describing: (1) the pattern of β-endorphin levels in burn injured patients during the first two weeks following injury, (2) the relationship between β-endorphin levels and the severity of the burn injury, (3) the relationship between analgesia taken by patients and the severity of the burn, and (4) the relationship between β-endorphin levels and the amount of analgesia given to the burn patient. Plasma samples for β-endorphin levels were obtained from 28 burned patients over a two-week interval. New England Nuclear ¹²⁵I β-Endorphin Kits were used to assay the plasma samples. In addition, information was tabulated from the patient's chart to complete the Burn Severity Index. Narcotic analgesia taken 24 hours before obtaining the blood sample were summarized and categorized according to the Equianalgesia Table. Descriptive and correlational statistics showed no significant relationships between β-endorphins over time, β-endorphins with burn severity, β-endorphins with the analgesia equivalency score, or burn severity with the analgesia equivalency scores. β-endorphin levels were elevated above normal in all 28 patients. Five patients displayed the anticipated declining pattern over the two-week interval post burn. Many erratic peaks and troughs in β-endorphin levels were observed with some peaks associated with clinical events. The findings of elevated β-endorphin levels have implications for nursing practice and provide stimulus for continued nursing research.

No description available.

The research report is submitted to the School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Public Health degree. Johannesburg March, 2014 / Introduction: This is the descriptive study of the socio demographic profile and other characteristics such as the burn injury details and socio economic characteristics of adult burn injury patients treated at Johannesburg Tertiary Hospitals (JTH) during the study period. Relevant stakeholders can use this information in the efforts to reduce preventable burn injuries. Method: Prospective study where all adult burn patients in the burns unit, trauma/surgical wards during the study period were eligible to participate in the study. The information was extracted from the medical files (such as hospital classification, date of birth (DOB), type of burn, type of management done to date etc), this was followed by an interview done by principal investigator only, using a questionnaire to gather the information on patients’ demographic details, socio economic information, income details and burn injury details. Descriptive statistics were used to define the profile of burn patients and other characteristics. Results: The results revealed the description and the profile of adult burn patients: a male (71%), African (94%), unmarried (70%), mean age of 35.6 years. He was most likely to have a secondary school qualification (62%), full time employed possible (51%) in the industrial sector, stays with 2-5 people in his household. He was likely to be originally from outside the Gauteng Province (58%). He sustained burns injuries of 10-29% TBSA, while at home (94%), from flames (68%). He remembered (92%), his activity prior to the burn incident and thought that the burn could have been prevented (82%). Conclusion: Burns injuries were reported to be preventable. The burn injury-prevention program should be targeted to males, in the working age groups, residing in one roomed dwelling or informal settlements. Patients with poor judgement, predisposing medical conditions such as epileptics, those that have modified their electricity supply and heat sources should be prioritised for burn injury-prevention programs.

Introduction: Bums are senous health problems associated with high mortality and morbidity. Bum deaths include bums from residential fires and scalds, clothing bums, industrial injuries, electrical injuries, among other sources of thermal energy. Aim: The aim of the study was to identify risk factors and describe characteristics of bum injuries in Rwanda. Ninety eight patients of all ages were selected and stratified by age, sex, bum size, causes of bum, and province of residence. Most of the patients (54.5%) were below the age of 12. Among children, 6% were aged between 0 and 11 months, 38% were aged between I and 5 years, 11% were between 13 and 21 years, 34% were adult between 22 and 49 years, and 3% were senior persons of above 50 years. The male population accounted for 55% of the total sample population, whereas the female population accounted for 41 %. Method: A quantitative retrospective descriptive survey was used in this study intended at reporting the characteristics and risk factors of bums in Rwanda. Results: The study finds a statistical correlation between gender and agent since 90% of contact bums occurred among the female population, although more male persons were affected by chemical bums (73%) in comparison to incidence among the female population (27%). Scalds were the most common type ofbum among children of 0 to 5 years of age as well as among adults. Flame bums predominated in older children. Large bum size was the strongest predictor of mortality. Among the twenty eight resultant deaths observed, twenty (71.4%) had a TBSA> 20%. Bum patients from rural areas had a higher mortality rate compared to patients that came from the urban context of the city of Kigali. The Southern Province recorded the highest mortality rate (l00%) followed by the Northern Province (62.5%) and the Eastern Province (45.4%). The city of Kigali has a mortality rate of 19%, notwithstanding its high frequency rate in terms of hospital admission (34.7%). Moreover, the study found that 25% of patients from the city of Kigali with major (more than 20%) TBSA recovered without disability, while none (0%) from the rural areas survived. Large bum size was the strongest predictor of mortality, followed by the rural factor (residence), and by the presence of inhalation injury. Infants and young children had the highest risk of death from bum injury. Bums smaller than 20% TBSA, without an inhalation injury (such as small scald injuries), are occasionally lethal in bums for both adults and children. Conclusion: The consequences of fire and bum injuries are so large and potentially devastating that efforts for their prevention should be proportionally much greater than reflected in mortality statistics. Some individuals feel that large bums are a worse fate than death (MacKenzie et al 1989). The scars of bum victims should remind us that prevention of these injuries must have high priority and attention now than they have had in the past. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2009.

Burn victims are treated using the exposure method in a specially designed intensive care room in which sterile air at a controlled temperature (25-38^oC) is blown down on to the open wounds allowing them to dry and form an eschar. During this treatment, the patient's heat loss has to be maintained as low as possible to minimise thermal stress. This work involved the creation of an automated system to monitor patient heat loss, along with the development of a mathematical model to predict the optimum conditions for treatment. The monitoring system consists of a micro processor controlled interface board connected to an IBM PC which operates a multitasking operating system. The interface repetitively collects data from the monitoring equipment including an infra red camera, while the computer controls the rate of collection, calibration, storage and display of various environmental and physiological factors as well as the images obtained from the camera. The temperature distributions across burn wounds are complex and dependent on the depth and position of the wound as well as the time after injury The monitoring system allows the automatic collection of image data at regular intervals, with the sequence of images produced together with the environmental data recorded, being used in the calculation of body heat loss, and in the study of temperature changes during wound healing. A mathematical model has been developed, programmed and adapted to accurately model the responses of a group of 22 healthy subjects in the intensive care room over the range of ambient temperatures available. Further development was then made to enable the modelling of burned patients, with application to six patients studied in the room.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Texas, August, 2008. / Title from title page display. Includes bibliographical references.

A computer model is developed to study the fluid and protein redistribution after thermal injuries in rats. This model is derived by including the burned skin as a fourth compartment in the microvascular exchange model developed by Bert et al. [6]. The pathological changes that occur after thermal injuries are introduced into the burn model as perturbations. The simulations of short-term and long-term responses were then made in this four compartment (burn) model for two cases: 10% and 40% percent surface area burns. Appropriate ranges of the perturbations were estimated based on the available information in the literature. The perturbations for the 10% burn include: the plasma leak coefficient in the injured skin, the tissue pressure in the injured skin, the fluid exchange coefficients in the injured skin, the arterial capillary pressure in the injured skin and the lymph flow characteristics in the injured skin. The perturbations for the 40% burn include the perturbations for the 10% burn plus the plasma leak coefficients in the intact tissues, the fluid exchange coefficients in the intact tissues and the lymph flow characteristics in the intact tissues. The dynamic responses of the system using these perturbations were plotted. Comparisons between the simulation predictions and the experimental data were characterized in terms of sum-of-squares of differences between simulation results and experimental data. Compared to the limited amount of data available in the literature, the burn model describes microvascular exchange after thermal injuries reasonably well. The work in this thesis could easily be extended to account for fluid resuscitation following a thermal injury in rats and, it is hoped that this approach might eventually be applied to the resuscitation management of burn patients. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of / Graduate