The immune responses elicited by CpG ODN and DNA vaccines in rainbow trout were studied, both <i>in vitro </i>and <i>in vivo</i>.  The results indicated that CpG ODN are capable of upregulating the expression of various immune genes and genes involved in the bactericidal ability of rainbow trout leucocytes.  They also enhance the bactericidal ability of head kidney <i>in vitro</i> although they are unable to enhance or induce respiratory burst in these cells.  Additionally, CpG ODN are capable of enhancing leucocyte migration, both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>.  Humoral immune parameters were rather un-responsive to i.p. injection of CpG ODN with serum lysozyme activity only being increased in fish injected with 10<span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Symbol'>mg CpG (the highest dose tested) 10 days post injection while neither serum antiprotease nor classical complement activity were affected over the time period studied.  Despite their inability to upregulate antibody specific production following i.p. injection, CpG ODN did exhibit a significant, dose dependent effect on lymphocyte proliferation.  Specific CpG ODN also significantly enhanced protection against challenge with <i>Aeromonas salmonicida </i>both when used as an adjuvant to a commercially available vaccine and when administrated alone in PBS.  With regard to the effect of DNA vaccination on virus-specific, cell-mediated cytotoxicity, the results obtained here were inconclusive with further work being required in this field before any conclusions can be drawn.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Delaware, 2008. / Principal faculty advisor: . Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

No description available.

Many substituted salicylanilides, particularly halogenated salicylanilides have strong anti-bacterial properties and in the past have been employed as bactericides in soaps. However, this has led to photoallergy causing serious adverse skin reactions. Although most photoallergens will elicit a response in only a small fraction of the people exposed 3,3',4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (T₄CS-H) is unusual in inducing photoallergy in a high fraction of those exposed and displays a high specificity towards serum albumin. The proposed mechanism of the protein-photoallergen binding is thought to proceed via the formation of highly reactive species such as free radicals. The albumin in the skin is believed to be the carrier protein in the skin that binds with T₄CS⁻ to form an antigen.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio University, November, 2008. / Release of full electronic text on OhioLINK has been delayed until November 30, 2010. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 265-284)

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio University, November, 2008. / Title from PDF t.p. Release of full electronic text on OhioLINK has been delayed until November 30, 2010. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 265-284)

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2008. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

A crescente demanda dos consumidores por produtos seguros e com vida de prateleira estendida fez aumentar o interesse nas chamadas embalagens ativas. Estas podem interagir com o alimento, promovendo a melhoria de suas características, além da manutenção de sua segurança e qualidade. Dentre os compostos ativos comumente empregados para a formação deste tipo específico de embalagem, o sorbato de potássio e a nisina tem chamado a atenção, devido às suas propriedades antimicrobianas, sendo reconhecidos como conservantes seguros para alimentos por organizações como a Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Health Organization (WHO) e Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento e a caracterização de filmes à base de quitosana como veículo dos agentes antimicrobianos sorbato de potássio (SP) e nisina (N). Os filmes foram produzidos pela técnica de casting, mantendo-se constante a concentração da quitosana em 2g/100g de solução filmogênica, e incorporando-se o SP e a N nas concentrações de 2,5, 5,0, 7,5 e 10,0 mg/g de quitosana. Os filmes foram caracterizados quanto à sua umidade, solubilidade em água, propriedades mecânicas (tensão na ruptura, elongação e módulo elástico), ângulo de contato, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), e difusão dos compostos bioativos em meio aquoso. A umidade dos filmes não foi afetada pela adição dos compostos antimicrobianos em nenhuma das concentrações, variando entre aproximadamente 22 e 24%, e a solubilidade de todas as formulações foi completa, possivelmente devido ao alto grau de desacetilação da quitosana utilizada. Em relação às propriedades mecânicas, foi observada redução da tensão na ruptura e um forte aumento na elongação com o aumento da concentração tanto de SP quanto de N. Por outro lado, para o módulo elástico, foi constatado redução com o aumento da concentração de SP, diferente da N, onde não houve variação deste valor para as diferentes concentrações analisadas. A hidrofobicidade do filme aumentou com o aumento da concentração de ambos os compostos, verificada pelo aumento no ângulo de contato. As análises de MEV demonstraram que os filmes se apresentaram coesos, com estrutura homogênea e com ausência de regiões de descontinuidade, independente do agente antimicrobiano. Foi observado o aparecimento de um pico na região de 1650 nm, para os filmes adicionados de sorbato de potássio, indicando possível interação entre o grupo carboxila do sorbato de potássio, e o grupo amina da quitosana. Para as análises de difusão, o modelo proposto apresentou bom ajuste, principalmente aos adicionados de SP, apresentando uma difusão mais controlada com o tempo. Observou-se uma difusividade efetiva na ordem de 10-13m2/s sem diferença estatística entre as concentrações analisadas. Portanto, pode-se concluir que os filmes de quitosana adicionados dos agentes antimicrobianos sorbato de potássio e nisina têm um bom potencial na formação de embalagens ativas, difundindo em meio aquoso de maneira eficaz, além de conferir aos filmes melhorias em suas propriedades físico-químicas. / Increasing consumer demand for safe products and with extended shelf-life has increased the interest in active packaging. It is designed to interact with food, improving its characteristics, keeping the safety and quality maintenance. Among the active compounds commonly used to form this particular type of packaging, potassium sorbate and nisin has drawn attention due to its antimicrobial properties, being recognized as safe for food applications by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In this context, this work aimed at the development and characterization of chitosan-based films as a vehicle of the antimicrobial agents potassium sorbate (PS) and nisin (N). The films were produced by casting technique, keeping the concentration of chitosan constant in 2g/100g of filmogenic solution and incorporating the PS and N at the concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 mg/g of chitosan. The films were characterized for their moisture content, water solubility, mechanical properties (tensile stress, elongation at break and young modulus), contact angle, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and diffusion of the bioactive compound in aqueous media. The moisture content of the films was not affected by the addition of antimicrobial compounds in any of the concentrations, ranging between approximately 22 and 24%, and the solubility of all formulations was complete, perhaps due to the high deacetylation degree of chitosan used. In the mechanical properties, it was observed a decrease in the tensile stress and a strong increase in elongation with increasing concentration of both PS and N. On the other hand, for the young modulus, it was observed a decrease with increasing concentrations of PS, different from N, which was not observed variations of this value for the different concentrations analyzed. The hydrophobicity of the film increased when increasing the concentration of both compounds, observed by an increase in the contact angle. The SEM analysis showed that the films was cohesive, with an homogeneous structure and with no discontinuity regions, independent of the agent used. It was observed the appearance of a peak in the wavelength 1650 nm, for the films with potassium sorbate, indicating possible interaction between the carboxyl group of potassium sorbate, and the amine group of chitosan. For diffusion analysis, the model showed good agreement, especially the PS formulations, showing a more controlled diffusion with time. Diffusion coefficient was observed in the order of 10-13 m2/s with no statistical difference between the analyzed concentrations. Therefore, it can be concluded that the chitosan films made with potassium sorbate and nisin has good potential to produce active packaging, releasing their compounds effectively, and also conferring an improvement in its physicochemical properties.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2008. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-86). Also available on the World Wide Web.