A deteriorating trend has been noted in the bacteriological quality of surface irrigation water sources in South Africa. In a bid to compare the bacteriological quality of two irrigation water sources as well as whether irrigation water was a source of bacterial pathogens on irrigated lettuce, this study was designed and divided into two phases. Phase one involved determination of physico-chemical parameters and bacterial indicators in the Loskop canal, the Skeerpoort river and lettuce irrigated with water from the Skeerpoort river over 10 months. Co-currently the study further determined the diversity of the most prevalent bacterial microflora in the 3 sample sources over the same time period. Aerobic colony counts (ACC), Aerobic spore formers (ASF), Anaerobic spore formers (AnSF), Faecal coliforms (FC), Intestinal enterococci (IE) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) as well as prevalence of Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella spp and Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) were determined. Additionally the most prevalent aerobic bacterial species isolated from the three sources were determined. Higher mean rainfall was noted in areas surrounding the Skeerpoort river (74.7mm) than the Loskop canal (0.1mm). Mean temperature was 15.4˚C and 18.2˚C while mean pH was 7.4 and 8.4 in the Loskop canal and the Skeerpoort river respectively. Low mean bacterial counts of less than 3.4 log10cfu/ml, were noted for ACC, ASF, AnSF, S. aureus and IE at both irrigation sites. Higher mean ACC of 5.9 log10cfu/g and S. aureus counts of 3.0 log10cfu/g were noted on lettuce. Although low mean counts of FC (1.3 log10cfu/100ml) were noted for all three sources, high incidence of E. coli was observed during bacterial composition studies on nonselective media. This suggested underestimation of faecal contamination possibly indicating that identification of specific pathogens provided a better measure of assessing bacterial contamination than bacterial indicators. E. coli, Bacillus spp and Enterobacter spp were the most prevalent bacteria in the Loskop canal, the Skeerpoort river and on lettuce. Prevalence of E. coli, Bacillus spp and Enterobacter spp in the Loskop canal was 23%, 33% and 26% respectively. Similarly prevalence in the Skeerpoort river was 36%, 26%, 16% respectively. On lettuce prevalence of the same bacteria was 36%, 30% and 6% respectively. E. coli O157:H7 was isolated at both irrigation sites while Salmonella enterica (gp 1) ST paratyphi A was isolated from the Skeerpoort river. High prevalence of similar bacterial species within the Loskop canal and the Skeerpoort river suggested similar sources of contamination in the two water sources inspite of different geographical location and surrounding land use practices. Additionally, similar bacterial species in irrigation water from the Skeerpoort river and on irrigated lettuce suggested water as a source of contamination on produce. Additionally it suggests ability of bacterial pathogens to withstand environmental conditions under field conditions which may pose a risk to food safety and public health among individuals consuming irrigated fresh produce. Phase 2 aimed at determining the prevalence of antibiotic resistant and virulent E. coli collected from the Loskop canal, the Skeerpoort river and lettuce irrigated with water from the Skeerpoort river. Forty one (41) E. coli isolates: (19) Loskop canal; (12) the Skeerpoort river; (10) lettuce were tested with 11 antibiotics at single concentrations and screened for Shigatoxin 1 (stx 1), Shigatoxin 2 (stx 2) and intimin (eae) genes. Antibiotic resistance was also used as a means of clustering E. coli isolated from the 3 sources. In the Loskop canal 84% and 83% of strains in the Skeerpoort river were resistant to at least one antibiotic. There was a significant difference (p≤0.05) in resistance to antibiotics between isolates from the Loskop canal and the Skeerpoort river. Additionally the combined effect of isolate source (irrigation water site) and antibiotics for isolates from the Skeerpoort river was significant (p≤0.05). From lettuce, 90% of isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic and resistance significantly differed (p≤0.05) from isolates in the Skeerpoort river. The highest resistance to single antibiotics in all three samples was to cephalothin and ampicillin. Higher resistance was noted to multiple (more than 2) antibiotics in the Skeerpoort river (33%) than Loskop canal (5%). Most isolates from the same source showed close relatedness. Close relatedness was noted between isolates from the Loksop canal (10.5%) and the Skeerpoort river (16%). From irrigated lettuce 40% of isolates showed close relatedness to isolates in irrigation water from the Skeerpoort river. In the Loskop canal 15% and 41% of isolates in the Skeerpoort river possessed virulence genes. From lettuce, 20% of isolates possessed virulence genes. In the Loskop canal as well as from lettuce all isolates with virulence genes were antibiotic resistant while 80% of isolates with virulence genes in the Skeerpoort river were antibiotic resistant. In the Loskop canal 10% and 25% of isolates in the Skeerpoort river were positive for stx1/stx2 and eae, genes synonymous with Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). Results from this study show that E. coli from the two irrigation water sources as well as on irrigated lettuce were resistant to antibiotics and potentially pathogenic. This may increase risk of contaminating irrigated fresh produce which may compromise food safety and public health of consumers. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Food Science / unrestricted

Orientador: Adalberto Farache Filho / Banca: Clóvis Wesley Oliveira de Souza / Banca: João Bosco Faria / Resumo: A constante preocupação com a qualidade da água destinada ao consumo, a presença de sabores e odores desagradáveis decorrentes da adição de flúor e cloro nas águas de abastecimento público e a falta de suprimentos adequados de água potável, tem provocado uma contínua demanda por água mineral. A relativa escassez de estudos envolvendo a qualidade microbiológica da água mineral, principalmente na água mineral gaseificada artificialmente, gerou esta pesquisa que tem por objetivo, avaliar e comparar a qualidade bacteriológica de águas minerais sem gás e gaseificadas artificialmente, em embalagens descartáveis, de oito marcas comercializadas em supermercados das cidades de Ribeirão Preto e Araraquara - SP. As duzentos e quarenta amostras analisadas foram divididas em três lotes com cinco unidades gaseificadas e cinco sem gás de cada marca. Foram realizadas análises para determinação de bactérias do grupo coliforme, bactérias heterotróficas e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Para análise de coliformes totais e E. coli utilizou-se a técnica de substratos cromogênicos, para Pseudomonas aeruginosa utilizou-se a técnica de tubos múltiplos específica e para contagem de bactérias heterotróficas foi utilizada a técnica de cultivo em profundidade. Para as cento e vinte amostras não gaseificadas analisadas (100%), verificou-se a presença de coliformes totais em oito amostras (6,67%), presença de E. coli em seis amostras (5%), presença de Pseudomonas aeruginosa em cinco amostras (4,2%), e 102 amostras (85%) apresentaram contagem de bactérias heterotróficas maior que 500 UFC/mL. Para as cento e vinte amostras gaseificadas analisadas verificou-se que nenhuma delas apresentou contaminações para o grupo coliforme (totais e E. coli) e para Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Apenas três amostras (2,5%) apresentaram contagens superiores a 500 UFC/mL para bactérias heterotróficas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The constant concern with the water quality reserved to human consumption, the presence of tastes and odors caused by the addition of fluoride and chlorine in public water supplies and the destitution of adequate supplies of potable water has challenged a continuous demand for mineral water. The relative privation of studies on the bacteriological quality of mineral water, mainly in artificially carbonated mineral water generated this project that purpose to value and to compare the microbiological quality of mineral water without gas and carbonated artificially, in dismissible tacking, of eight types, sold in supermarkets in the cities of Araraquara/SP and Ribeirão Preto/SP. The two hundred forty analyzed samples were divided in shares with five unities carbonated mineral water and five without gas. There were put into practice analysis for determination of coliform bacteria, heterotrophic bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To analysis of total coliform and E. coli it was used the chromogenic substrates technique, for Pseudomonas aeruginosa used the multiple tube specific technique and to counting heterotrophic bacteria, it was used the technique of growing in depth. To the one hundred twenty samples no carbonated water analyzed (100%), was checked the presence of total coliforms in eight samples (6,67%), presence of E. coli in six samples (5%), presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in five samples (4,2%), and one hundred two samples (85%) was with counts above 500 CFU/mL for heterotrophic bacteria. To the one hundred twenty carbonated water samples analyzed (100%), was checked that no samples analyzed was contaminated to the coliform group (total and E. coli) and to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Just three samples (2,5%) present counts above 500 CFU/mL for heterotrophic bacteria. All the brands of the samples no carbonated water tested (100%) presents out of the specifications of Brazilian legislation in one or more parameters analyzed / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:38:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 tebaldi_r_me_arafcf.pdf: 300893 bytes, checksum: dc69e3a75aeeb349d9af75e741a2e2ca (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A constante preocupação com a qualidade da água destinada ao consumo, a presença de sabores e odores desagradáveis decorrentes da adição de flúor e cloro nas águas de abastecimento público e a falta de suprimentos adequados de água potável, tem provocado uma contínua demanda por água mineral. A relativa escassez de estudos envolvendo a qualidade microbiológica da água mineral, principalmente na água mineral gaseificada artificialmente, gerou esta pesquisa que tem por objetivo, avaliar e comparar a qualidade bacteriológica de águas minerais sem gás e gaseificadas artificialmente, em embalagens descartáveis, de oito marcas comercializadas em supermercados das cidades de Ribeirão Preto e Araraquara - SP. As duzentos e quarenta amostras analisadas foram divididas em três lotes com cinco unidades gaseificadas e cinco sem gás de cada marca. Foram realizadas análises para determinação de bactérias do grupo coliforme, bactérias heterotróficas e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Para análise de coliformes totais e E. coli utilizou-se a técnica de substratos cromogênicos, para Pseudomonas aeruginosa utilizou-se a técnica de tubos múltiplos específica e para contagem de bactérias heterotróficas foi utilizada a técnica de cultivo em profundidade. Para as cento e vinte amostras não gaseificadas analisadas (100%), verificou-se a presença de coliformes totais em oito amostras (6,67%), presença de E. coli em seis amostras (5%), presença de Pseudomonas aeruginosa em cinco amostras (4,2%), e 102 amostras (85%) apresentaram contagem de bactérias heterotróficas maior que 500 UFC/mL. Para as cento e vinte amostras gaseificadas analisadas verificou-se que nenhuma delas apresentou contaminações para o grupo coliforme (totais e E. coli) e para Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Apenas três amostras (2,5%) apresentaram contagens superiores a 500 UFC/mL para bactérias heterotróficas... / The constant concern with the water quality reserved to human consumption, the presence of tastes and odors caused by the addition of fluoride and chlorine in public water supplies and the destitution of adequate supplies of potable water has challenged a continuous demand for mineral water. The relative privation of studies on the bacteriological quality of mineral water, mainly in artificially carbonated mineral water generated this project that purpose to value and to compare the microbiological quality of mineral water without gas and carbonated artificially, in dismissible tacking, of eight types, sold in supermarkets in the cities of Araraquara/SP and Ribeirão Preto/SP. The two hundred forty analyzed samples were divided in shares with five unities carbonated mineral water and five without gas. There were put into practice analysis for determination of coliform bacteria, heterotrophic bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To analysis of total coliform and E. coli it was used the chromogenic substrates technique, for Pseudomonas aeruginosa used the multiple tube specific technique and to counting heterotrophic bacteria, it was used the technique of growing in depth. To the one hundred twenty samples no carbonated water analyzed (100%), was checked the presence of total coliforms in eight samples (6,67%), presence of E. coli in six samples (5%), presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in five samples (4,2%), and one hundred two samples (85%) was with counts above 500 CFU/mL for heterotrophic bacteria. To the one hundred twenty carbonated water samples analyzed (100%), was checked that no samples analyzed was contaminated to the coliform group (total and E. coli) and to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Just three samples (2,5%) present counts above 500 CFU/mL for heterotrophic bacteria. All the brands of the samples no carbonated water tested (100%) presents out of the specifications of Brazilian legislation in one or more parameters analyzed

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