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In the wake of the abolition of the Caliphate in the Islamic world with the advent of the Mongols in the 13th century, Islamic scholarship paradoxically flourished, especially in the Shi'i milieu. This era marked a renaissance which has influenced the course of Shii thought ever since. Through its major thinkers, i.e. Ibn Sa'ada, 'Ali ibn Sulayman and Maytham, the school of Bahrain contributed vigorously to this renaissance by integrating philosophy and mysticism into Shi'ism. Yet, the writings of this school are barely known to modern scholarship and many are still in manuscript form. Drawing upon both published and unpublished sources, this study reveals the importance of this school by offering a descriptive and historical analysis of this intellectual contribution to philosophy, theology and mysticism. It also demonstrates that the school of Bahrain was the first Shii school to derive its rational infra-structure in a unique way from a diversity of sources ranging from the Mu'tazili and Ash'ari theology to the Ibn Sinian philosophy and Ibn al-'Arabis mysticism. Its originality thus lies in its synthetic methodology and its interpretation of Shii literature in light of speculative sciences.

The purpose of this study was to determine a methodology for selecting new educational objectives in Bahrain. Many factors necessitated this study, namely, the political, economical, and social. changes that the country is under taking.In reviewing the related literature the authors agreed that the task should be done cooperatively by the community and the educators who should take the lead. The authors emphasized the importance of the committee work in the project, and the importance of analyzing the society.The Proposed Methodology for DevelopingObjectives of Education in Bahrain1. The steering committee need to organize the activities of the project, by setting its objectives clearly, by having position structure, and by selecting the people who will fulfill those positions.2. The steering committee need to enlist the cooperation and the involvement of he community and within-the-school participants.3. The recommendations from the community participants, and from the within-the-school participants should be over taken by the steering committee to develop new objectives of education.4. Developing new objectives for the country leads to the importance of three projects recommended to be considered by the steering committee:A. A project of developing a new instructional program that leads to the implementation of the objectives developed.B. A project on determining the teachers' competency to apply the instructional programs to meet the goals.C. A project to develop a teacher training program to fulfill teacher competency.

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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2003. / "MBA professional report"--Cover. Thesis advisor(s): Alice Crawford, Bill Gates. Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-51). Also available online.

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The aim of this thesis was to study the effect of the treated oil refinery effluents of Bahrain Petroleum Company ( BAPCO ) on the marine environment. The study has been carried out in seven chapters, the first de~ling with general introduction about the physical environment of the Arabian Gulf and its oil industry in addition to marine pollution and fishery in Bahrain. The second chapter was aimed at studying the quality of water at different areas in Bahrain to compare it with the quality of water at an area adjacent to the refinery outfalls. The third chapter deals with the impact of the refinery on the marine environment. The research approach adopted was ecological and observational I involving water and sediment analysis. The fourth chapter was aimed at studying the effects of the refinery effluents on the fish through toxicity tests and estimation of trace metals and hydrocarbons in the fish tissues. The studies were conducted with several effluents from the main and side streams of the refinery, outlets of the induced air flotation unit and Sitra separator. The fifth chapter was aimed at studying the effect of Sitra oil storage tanks treated effluent on the intertidal fauna of the adjacent area. The sixth chapter deals with a general discussion on the whole studies. While the seventh chapter deals with sions and recommendations. From the study conducted , it could be said that in general the water quality of the western and northern regions of Bahrain is better than the water quality of the eastern region. The east has in general higher pH, higher ammonia, higher nitrite, lower nitrate, and higher phosphate levels than the other regions. The higher concentrations of all these substances reflects the urbanisation and industrialisation of this part of Bahrain and the consequent discharges of waste material. The fish, safee, were tested with different concentrations of the refinery main stream effluent using both short and long term exposures. The same experiment was set up using effluents from the side stream, the I.A.F. discharge of the refinery and Sitra separator outlet. The results indicated a greater toxicity of pollutants in the I.A.F. and Sitar separator effluents than in the main and the side stream effluents. The lethal concentration of I.A.F. and Sitra separator effluents which brought death to fifty percent of the test population of fish (safee) within 96 hours was approximately twenty percent. Fish from the experimental media showed a higner concentration of heavy metals. The study of the effect of Sitra oil storage tanks treated effluent on the intertidal fauna of the adjacent area revealed that no fauna was found at stations located just outside the effluent outlet. The sediment of these stations was black, slimy, heavily oiled with a bad smell and contains dead shells and turrets. Away from the effluent, a diverse fauna was found. It is concluded that the BAPCO refinery has a measurable impact on the marine environment of the east coast of Bahrain, and recommenqations are made tor the development of future policies with regard to Bahraini coastal waters.

The purpose of this thesis was to provide insights into the consumer's perception of the risk of Riba (the Islamic prohibition of baking interest) and its influence on consumer's bank patronage. In Bahrain, the Conventional and the Interest-free banks operate side by side representing different philosophies of business and operation. Selecting a conventional bank requires Muslim customers to negotiate the risk of jeopardizing religious convictions, and selecting an Interest-free bank requires customers to adjust to possibilities of losing some of their convenience, time, services quality, and perhaps their money. Specifically, this study explored the interaction of risk perception (ethical and performance) with the banking patronage and a host of attitudinal and behavioural correlates in banking among the Bahraini customers. The study surveyed a random sample of customers from the population of Muslim teachers by means of Questionnaires. Risks of ethical, ideological and religious nature were identified These were new risks that extended the perceived risk research. Findings were reported about the public reaction to Riba as a threat and customers' concerns about it. The analysis also used attitudes, beliefs and world views, worrying, sin perception, religious orientation, Riba charactenstics, banking knowledge, social relations and contexts, as well as the risk handling activities to explore their influences on the perceived risks and banking patronage.