The present study challenges the negative and static stance of the recent literature on Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state of India, and espouses a balanced and moderate approach. The existing literature focuses only on human development and ignores the underlying social, political and economic changes taking place in the state. It ignores the decline in credit to the state. The present study synthesises and amalgamates various streams of literature on the state to fill the gap. It uses bank credit and its role in UP’s economic development as a tool to explore the changes and structural and regional shifts in the state. It examines bank credit to various regions, districts, occupations, rural and urban populations, large and small borrowers and gender in UP. This study explores credit in a multi-dimensional framework as a route to growth, development, inequality, globalisation, urbanisation, and empowerment. The study further explores the relationship between bank credit and the state’s human development. As a critique of the existing literature, the study examines whether UP is really lagging behind other states of India. Through a twin indicator approach, broadly grouped into income and non-income, the study shows that the state does lag on income front. The non-income indicators analysis, however, shows that a number of other states including high-income states are lagging. The study eschews the watertight categorisation of east and west UP as pursued in the existing literature, and adopts a broader regional classification. This showed that, although gradual, change has occurred in UP. The overall findings of the study suggest that structural and non-structural constraints characterise the development of the state. The multiple roles of credit have generated growth, helped in poverty reduction, but also influenced regional inequality and rural-urban inequalities, and widened the gap between small and large borrowers in the state. The empowerment of women through credit from commercial banks remains a distant goal as women receive less than 20 per cent of the total credit. Another significant finding of the study is that the income and non-income factors are strongly correlated, for instance, the strong negative relationship between income and the Human Poverty Index. The study, therefore, underlines the need for increased economic growth to achieve better economic and human development outcomes.

The present study challenges the negative and static stance of the recent literature on Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state of India, and espouses a balanced and moderate approach. The existing literature focuses only on human development and ignores the underlying social, political and economic changes taking place in the state. It ignores the decline in credit to the state. The present study synthesises and amalgamates various streams of literature on the state to fill the gap. It uses bank credit and its role in UP’s economic development as a tool to explore the changes and structural and regional shifts in the state. It examines bank credit to various regions, districts, occupations, rural and urban populations, large and small borrowers and gender in UP. This study explores credit in a multi-dimensional framework as a route to growth, development, inequality, globalisation, urbanisation, and empowerment. The study further explores the relationship between bank credit and the state’s human development. As a critique of the existing literature, the study examines whether UP is really lagging behind other states of India. Through a twin indicator approach, broadly grouped into income and non-income, the study shows that the state does lag on income front. The non-income indicators analysis, however, shows that a number of other states including high-income states are lagging. The study eschews the watertight categorisation of east and west UP as pursued in the existing literature, and adopts a broader regional classification. This showed that, although gradual, change has occurred in UP. The overall findings of the study suggest that structural and non-structural constraints characterise the development of the state. The multiple roles of credit have generated growth, helped in poverty reduction, but also influenced regional inequality and rural-urban inequalities, and widened the gap between small and large borrowers in the state. The empowerment of women through credit from commercial banks remains a distant goal as women receive less than 20 per cent of the total credit. Another significant finding of the study is that the income and non-income factors are strongly correlated, for instance, the strong negative relationship between income and the Human Poverty Index. The study, therefore, underlines the need for increased economic growth to achieve better economic and human development outcomes.

The present study challenges the negative and static stance of the recent literature on Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state of India, and espouses a balanced and moderate approach. The existing literature focuses only on human development and ignores the underlying social, political and economic changes taking place in the state. It ignores the decline in credit to the state. The present study synthesises and amalgamates various streams of literature on the state to fill the gap. It uses bank credit and its role in UP’s economic development as a tool to explore the changes and structural and regional shifts in the state. It examines bank credit to various regions, districts, occupations, rural and urban populations, large and small borrowers and gender in UP. This study explores credit in a multi-dimensional framework as a route to growth, development, inequality, globalisation, urbanisation, and empowerment. The study further explores the relationship between bank credit and the state’s human development. As a critique of the existing literature, the study examines whether UP is really lagging behind other states of India. Through a twin indicator approach, broadly grouped into income and non-income, the study shows that the state does lag on income front. The non-income indicators analysis, however, shows that a number of other states including high-income states are lagging. The study eschews the watertight categorisation of east and west UP as pursued in the existing literature, and adopts a broader regional classification. This showed that, although gradual, change has occurred in UP. The overall findings of the study suggest that structural and non-structural constraints characterise the development of the state. The multiple roles of credit have generated growth, helped in poverty reduction, but also influenced regional inequality and rural-urban inequalities, and widened the gap between small and large borrowers in the state. The empowerment of women through credit from commercial banks remains a distant goal as women receive less than 20 per cent of the total credit. Another significant finding of the study is that the income and non-income factors are strongly correlated, for instance, the strong negative relationship between income and the Human Poverty Index. The study, therefore, underlines the need for increased economic growth to achieve better economic and human development outcomes.

The present study challenges the negative and static stance of the recent literature on Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state of India, and espouses a balanced and moderate approach. The existing literature focuses only on human development and ignores the underlying social, political and economic changes taking place in the state. It ignores the decline in credit to the state. The present study synthesises and amalgamates various streams of literature on the state to fill the gap. It uses bank credit and its role in UP’s economic development as a tool to explore the changes and structural and regional shifts in the state. It examines bank credit to various regions, districts, occupations, rural and urban populations, large and small borrowers and gender in UP. This study explores credit in a multi-dimensional framework as a route to growth, development, inequality, globalisation, urbanisation, and empowerment. The study further explores the relationship between bank credit and the state’s human development. As a critique of the existing literature, the study examines whether UP is really lagging behind other states of India. Through a twin indicator approach, broadly grouped into income and non-income, the study shows that the state does lag on income front. The non-income indicators analysis, however, shows that a number of other states including high-income states are lagging. The study eschews the watertight categorisation of east and west UP as pursued in the existing literature, and adopts a broader regional classification. This showed that, although gradual, change has occurred in UP. The overall findings of the study suggest that structural and non-structural constraints characterise the development of the state. The multiple roles of credit have generated growth, helped in poverty reduction, but also influenced regional inequality and rural-urban inequalities, and widened the gap between small and large borrowers in the state. The empowerment of women through credit from commercial banks remains a distant goal as women receive less than 20 per cent of the total credit. Another significant finding of the study is that the income and non-income factors are strongly correlated, for instance, the strong negative relationship between income and the Human Poverty Index. The study, therefore, underlines the need for increased economic growth to achieve better economic and human development outcomes.

Thesis (doctoral)--Ruprecht-Karl-Universität Heidelberg. / Includes bibliographical references (p. ix-xxvii).

Esta pesquisa investiga a relação entre o conservadorismo contábil e o mercado de crédito bancário no Brasil. O conservadorismo é considerado uma das práticas mais tradicionais e importantes da contabilidade. A literatura teórica e empírica argumenta que o conservadorismo condicional, caracterizado pelo reconhecimento oportuno e assimétrico de perdas econômicas nos números contábeis, aumenta a eficiência dos contratos de crédito, pois permite que os credores identifiquem tempestivamente a elevação do risco dos tomadores e adotem medidas para salvaguardar os seus capitais. O conservadorismo também restringe comportamentos oportunistas dos gestores e dos proprietários em relação aos lucros gerados pela empresa, protegendo os interesses dos credores. Devido aos benefícios proporcionados pelo conservadorismo condicional, os credores podem criar incentivos econômicos para motivar a adoção de práticas conservadoras pelas empresas, por meio da redução nas taxas de juros das operações de crédito. Esta pesquisa examina empiricamente se a adoção de práticas contábeis conservadoras leva à redução no custo do crédito bancário das empresas no Brasil. A amostra analisada é formada por dados de 1.300 empresas e aproximadamente 813 mil contratos de crédito, observados no período de 2000 a 2009. Os exames se basearam na especificação de modelos econométricos que associam o custo do crédito bancário ao grau de conservadorismo e a um conjunto de variáveis de controle, que inclui características das empresas, das operações de crédito e dos bancos credores, além de variáveis binárias de tempo que capturam fatores macroeconômicos. Os parâmetros dos modelos foram estimados pelo método dos momentos generalizado (GMM) sistêmico, para controle do problema de endogeneidade dos regressores. O custo do crédito bancário foi calculado de duas maneiras, uma considerando todos os contratos de responsabilidade da empresa e outra apenas as operações com recursos livres. Para mensurar o conservadorismo, foram utilizadas cinco métricas que capturam o fenômeno a partir de diferentes perspectivas. Não foram obtidas evidências de relação estatisticamente significante entre as medidas de conservadorismo e as taxas de juros das operações de crédito contratadas pelas empresas da amostra. Esses resultados são robustos a variações na especificação dos modelos, no método de estimação dos parâmetros e na definição operacional das variáveis. As evidências confirmam a hipótese de que a adoção de práticas contábeis conservadoras não leva à redução no custo do crédito bancário das empresas no Brasil. O ambiente institucional brasileiro de fraca proteção legal aos credores e baixa demanda de demonstrações contábeis com atributos de qualidade informacional não produz incentivos para que os credores estimulem a adoção de práticas contábeis conservadoras pelas empresas, por meio da redução nas taxas de juros das operações de crédito. Como as empresas não percebem benefícios econômicos associados ao reporte de números contábeis conservadores, a utilização de tais práticas é restrita no Brasil. Dessa forma, os resultados da investigação no mercado brasileiro não corroboram as predições teóricas. / This study investigates the relationship between accounting conservatism and the bank credit market in Brazil. Conservatism is considered one of the most traditional and important practices in accounting. The theoretical and empirical literature argues that conditional conservatism, characterized by asymmetric and timely recognition of economic losses in accounting numbers, increases the efficiency of debt contracts, because it permits creditors to identify increased risks of borrowers on a timely basis and take measures to protect their capital. Conservatism also restricts opportunistic behavior by managers and owners in relation to the companys earnings, thus protecting creditors interests. Due to the benefits provided by conditional conservatism, creditors can create economic incentives for firms to adopt conservative practices, by reducing interest rates on loans. This study empirically examines whether the adoption of conservative accounting practices leads to a reduction in the cost of bank credit of Brazilian companies. The sample analyzed is composed of data on 1,300 firms and approximately 813 thousand debt contracts, in the period from 2000 to 2009. The examinations are based on specification of econometric models that associate the cost of bank credit to the degree of conservatism and a set of control variables, which include characteristics of the firms, credit transactions and lending banks, besides time dummy variables to capture macroeconomic factors. The models parameters were estimated by the system generalized method of moments (GMM), seeking to control for the problem of endogeneity of the regressors. The cost of bank credit was calculated in two ways, one considering all loan agreements of the borrower firm and the other only considering the loans obtained from banks free resources. To measure conservatism, we used five metrics that capture the phenomenon from different perspectives. We did not find evidence of a statistically significant relationship between the conservatism measures and interest rates on the loans contracted by the firms in the sample. These results are robust to variations in model specifications, parameter estimation method and operational definition of the variables. The evidence indicates that the adoption of conservative accounting practices does not lead to a lower cost of bank credit of Brazilian firms. The Brazilian institutional setting is marked by weak legal protection of creditors and low demand for financial statements with high informational quality. This situation does not produce incentives for lenders to stimulate the adoption of conservative accounting practices by firms, by means of reducing interest rates. Since firms to not receive economic benefits associated with reporting conservative economic numbers, the use of such practices is restricted in Brazil. Therefore, the results for the Brazilian market do not corroborate the theoretical predictions.

This thesis deals with the bill of exchange, which fulfils a specific funkction. It is s security for a debt. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part is concerned with the legal regulations of the bill of exchange generally. The second part deals with the bill of exchange as a security for a debt. This part completes the first part. The last part is concerned with the practical use of the bill of exchange within the bank credit.

by Ko Wai-Yee. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 54-55). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vi / PREFACE --- p.vii / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY --- p.2 / Chapter III. --- BUSINESS DEFINITION / Nature of Business --- p.3 / Types of Credit Card Credit Card --- p.4 / Charge Card --- p.4 / Affinity Card --- p.4 / Company Card --- p.5 / Cash Card --- p.5 / Smart Card --- p.5 / Functions of Credit Card / Exchange Medium --- p.6 / Source of Credit --- p.6 / Source of Cash --- p.7 / Operations of Credit Card --- p.7 / Chapter IV. --- market and channel definition / Cardholder --- p.9 / Merchant --- p.9-10 / Market Players --- p.11-12 / Chapter V. --- RESEARCH METHOD AND LITERATURE REVIEW / Literature Review / Database Marketing --- p.13 / Direct Mail --- p.14 / Telemarketing --- p.15 / Advertising --- p.15 / Credit-based Promotion --- p.16 / Interview --- p.16 / Research --- p.17 / Secondary Data --- p.17 / Chapter VI. --- RESEARCH ANALYSIS / Objectives / Overview of Credit Card Market --- p.18 / Card Acquisition --- p.18 / Card Utilization --- p.18 / Card Attrition --- p.19 / Research Method --- p.19 / Findings / Higher Utilization rate of credit cards --- p.20 / Bonus Points Scheme is Driving Card Usage --- p.20 / Components of an Ideal Bonus Point Scheme --- p.21 / "Affinity Cards, Especially Co-branded Credit Cards, Will Become a Trend" --- p.21 / Rising Demand for Higher Credit Limit --- p.21 / More Competitive Interest Rate Offer is Expected --- p.22 / Repayment will Become More Custom-made --- p.22 / Stronger Resistance to Annual Fee --- p.22 / Rewards (Card Acquisition) are Evaluated to Dollar Terms --- p.22 / "More Bargaining and Interactions with Card Issuers, and Growing Importance of Telephone Service at Card Centre" --- p.22 / Image of Hang Seng Credit Card Has Been Changed --- p.23 / Interest in Electronic Money is High --- p.23 / Bank Image Perception --- p.23-25 / Chapter VII. --- MARKETING PLAN / Current Situation and Review / Promotions --- p.26 / Brand Image --- p.27 / Competitive Analysis / Market Share Analysis --- p.28 / Product Features --- p.28-30 / Promotions --- p.31 / SWOT Analysis --- p.31 / Marketing Objectives & Strategies / Objectives --- p.32 / Marketing Strategies --- p.32-34 / Promotion Plan --- p.35 / Chapter VIII. --- CONCLUSION --- p.36 / APPENDIX / Major Credit Card Product Features --- p.37-43 / Major Credit Card Promotional Campaign - 1997 --- p.44-48 / Promotional Schedule for Hang Seng Credit Card - 1998 --- p.49 / Focus Group Discussion Guide --- p.50-53 / REFERENCES --- p.54

No description available.

by Chiang Kwok Keung, Eric, Fung Shun Ching, Katherine. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Bibliography: leaf [9]