Diploma thesis describes possibilities of securing selected risks using bank guarantee instrument, which is used primarily in international trade. The goal is to analyze securing of commercial and territorial risks using bank guarantees, characterize different types of bank guarantees and possibilities of using them on international markets. The first chapter presents risks in international trade and the most common methods of securing - documentary letters of credit, documentary collections, promissory notes, standby letter of credit. The second chapter is devoted to product bank guarantee, introduces types of bank guarantees, exposure process and methods of use. The third chapter presents the Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees (URDG). The practical part explores the usage of bank guarantees in selected countries (Germany, Russia, USA, China, India) and describes different approach to this product. Thesis has to help readers quickly find their way in a relatively complicated topic of bank guarantees, especially in case of trading on international market. The last part can help in case of trading with specific countries.

This thesis deals mostly with regulation of bank guarantee in Czech law, as well as with regulation on international level. The main aim of this work is to provide a complete perspective on bank guarantee, definition of its typical elements and its subjects and relations between the subjects, and to make classification of different kinds of bank guarantees. The work is divided into 12 main chapters and a great number of subchapters. Chapter one deals with a risk that is closely connected with bank guarantee, as bank guarantee is mostly used to secure risks. Chapter two is dedicated to historical development of bank guarantee and to previous regulation in the Code of International Business. Chapter three is focused on legislation of bank guarantee both in the Commercial Code and in other laws that regulate its use in the Czech Republic. This chapter is also concerned with the international law - mostly rules issued by the International Chamber of Commerce in Paris. Chapter four is mostly focused on characteristics of essential elements of bank guarantee, its differences from guarantee and its practical use. Chapters five and six are completely dedicated to establishment of bank guarantee and actions before its establishment. Chapter seven analyses subjects of bank guarantee and relationships between...

This thesis deals with the possibilities of financing export contract in the company. The theoretical part provides an insight into the opportunities that companies currently have in financing their activities. There is an overview of the various forms of internal and external financing and their basic characteristics. The practical part is focused on a specific business case and options for financing various parts of the contract. The conclusion provides a comprehensive overview of the variations, their comparisons and recommendations of the best one from the complex perspective.

This thesis deals with bank guarantees, an instrument widely used especially in the field of international trade. The aim of this thesis is to characterize bank guarantees and their application in commercial relations. In relation with the growing use of bank guarantees in international business, the customary treatment of this challenging banking instrument will be analyzed and compared in different regions of the world -- i.e. Turkey, Syria, Iran, countries in the Organization for the Cooperation Council of Arab Gulf Countries and the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa, - with the international standards of the International Chamber of Commerce. This thesis may be helpful for understanding demand guarantees and, due to the lack of comprehensive information, it could assist companies that trade in the above areas and are required to issue a guarantee to their customers.

Bank guarantee Even after recodification of the private law in the Czech Republic, the bank guarantee remains an important means of covering risk; mostly due to its universal nature. The aim of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive view on the topic of bank guarantees, especially in light of the new Civil Code. The work will focus on defining the nature of the bank guarantee, as well as the ties between the subjects of the relationship formed within bank guarantees, and its basic principles. I have chosen this subject matter, as the bank guarantee remains pertinent, not only in foreign trade, but also in the Czech Republic, as evidenced by legislation such as the Public Procurement Act, the Act on Public Auction, or in the Customs Law. However, the most important role of bank guarantees remains in international trade, where in addition to market risk and performance risk of the contractual counterparty, a territorial risk prevails. In international trade, usually multiple banks take part in the guarantee relationship. This thesis is divided into eight chapters. The first chapter deals with ways of debt security in the new Czech Civil Code and conceptual and terminological changes. It briefly outlines and defines the institutes of insuring debt in new Civil Code. The second chapter concentrates...

Legal aspects of the securing of obligations in international trade The securing of obligations in the international trade is recently, possibly more than ever before, very topical issue, and the reason is quite clear - there is a strong need to secure international contractual obligations by effective and reliable securing instruments because of the economic and debt crises which started in 2008 and has been still a very actual problem. This thesis focuses on legal relations arising from the securing of contractual obligations in the international trade. The goal of the thesis is to describe legal aspects of securing obligations considering the determination of an applicable law, under which the securing is governed. Because of the author's long- term working bank experience, the final part of the text deals with a securing by a bank guarantee. In the first part of the thesis there are described legal relations in which an international element appears, and there are also described a purpose, function, categorization and different types of securing instruments respective of the international trade. The second part of the thesis deals with the problem how to determine which law is the applicable one for securing of obligations in the international trade. There are described legal aspects of...

The thesis is divided into two parts -- theoretical and practical. In first part hedging instruments, namely the Letter of Credit, Documentary Collection, Bill of Exchange, Factoring, Forfaiting and Bank Guarantee are analyzed. The aim of analysis is to describe the basic characteristics of instruments and course of these instruments. Subsequently, the instruments are compared to each other on the basis of the advantages and disadvatages they bring to participants. The next part is devoted to an analysis of charges associated with the use of particular hedging instruments in selected banks and the comparison of instruments based on selected criteria. The specific use of the hedging instrument is shown in the case study.

The thesis is focused on the determination of fees for banking services and their proportion of the total cost of realization work. The theoretical part is zoomed in terms of supplier orders from the search for a recording contract for work that is described in detail. Furthermore, have been clarified the methods of determining bid price of construction, as construction is financed. The following is analysis of banking products that relate to construction contracts, what is their purpose, what is their price. The practical part is focused on the financial costs of several construction companies and their analysis. The last is a specific contract, which is described from the point of view gradually accruing costs.

À l’ère de la mondialisation, les transactions commerciales internationales occupent une importance capitale dans l’économie mondiale. Dans ce type de transaction, les parties se trouvent dans des États différents ce qui rend difficile l’établissement d’une relation de confiance. Cette problématique peut être atténuée par un engagement que prend un tiers, généralement une institution financière, qui émet soit une lettre de crédit dont le bénéficiaire sera le vendeur, soit une lettre de garantie dont le bénéficiaire sera le plus souvent un acheteur. Ainsi, les lettres de garanties jouent un rôle fondamental dans le commerce international en assurant à un créancier d’une obligation de recevoir un paiement dans le cas où le débiteur ne respecte pas ses obligations. Cependant, dans certains cas, les demandes de paiement des lettres de garanties peuvent être frauduleuses. En ce sens, en matière de lettre de garantie une question fondamentale se pose : en cas de fraude, dans quelles circonstances les tribunaux accorderont une injonction pour empêcher le paiement d’être effectué? La thèse qui sera soutenue est que les circonstances dans lesquelles les tribunaux accorderont une injonction varieront selon les différentes juridictions. Dans un premier temps, les conditions générales d’exercices des lettres de garanties seront abordées. Dans une deuxième partie, les circonstances spécifiques dans lesquelles différents tribunaux nationaux accordent des injonctions afin d’empêcher le paiement de la garantie seront étudiées. / In the era of globalization, international business transactions are of paramount importance in the global economy. In this type of transaction, parties are located in different states, which makes it difficult to establish a relationship of trust. This problem can be mitigated by a commitment made by a third party, generally a financial institution, which issues either a letter of credit whose beneficiary will be the seller, or a letter of guarantee whose beneficiary will most often be a buyer. Thus, letters of guarantee play a fundamental role in international trade by assuring a creditor of an obligation to receive payment in the event that the debtor fails to meet its obligations. However, in some cases, requests for payment of letters of guarantee may be fraudulent. In this sense, when it comes to letters of guarantee, a fundamental question arises: in the event of fraud, in what circumstances will the courts grant an injunction in order to prevent payment? The thesis that will be argued is that the circumstances in which courts will grant an injunction will vary in different jurisdictions. First, the general conditions for exercising letters of guarantee will be discussed. In a second part, the specific circumstances in which different national courts grant injunctions in order to prevent the payment of the guarantee will be studied.

The first part of the thesis deals with a description of legal relationships in the international trade and explains the term "international element." Further there is a short description of private international law and international trade law. The second part of the thesis is focused on securing of contractual obligations in the international trade. The third part concerns with explanation of the basic forms of legal relationships in the international trade regulation with regard to securing of contractual obligations. The final part of the thesis deals with a description of securing instruments used in the international trade. At the end of this part there are listed factors which influence the choice of a suitable securing instrument.