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Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-08-07T14:27:04Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-07T14:27:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / FAPESP:11/50197-0

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Technology Radiography (Diagnostic) in the Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2009 / Since their discovery in 1895, the use of x-rays is continuously evolving in medicine making the diagnosis of injuries and diseases more practicable. It is therefore not surprising that x-rays contribute 90% of the radiation dose to the population from manmade sources (DWP, 1992). Moreover, these radiation doses are associated with both fatal and non-fatal cancer risk that is detrimental to adults between 20 to 60 years (Wall, 1996). Radiation dose to individuals therefore needs to be actively monitored in order to minimise such risk. Barium contrast examinations were characterised as one of the radiological examinations that contributed enormously to the collective dose to the patients in the radiology department (DWP, 1992). Determining the diagnostic reference levels of such examinations would reduce the over-exposure of individuals to ionising radiation. Currently in South Africa (SA), there are no diagnostic dose reference levels for barium meal (BaM) and barium enema (BaE) examinations. This study therefore investigated the radiation doses delivered to patients referred for BaM and BaE, obtained potential regional reference doses for these examinations, compared the radiation doses obtained with those from similar dosimetry studies and investigated sources of dose variation among the study sites. A total of 25 BaM and 30 BaE patients in the age range 18 to 85 years, weighing 50 kg to 90 kg, at 3 hospitals in the Western Cape, SA were investigated. The radiation dose to the patients was measured using Dose Area Product (DAP) meters that were permanently fitted onto fixed fluoroscopy units at these 3 hospitals. The third quartile DAP values were 20.1 Gycm2 and 36.5 Gycm2 for BaM and BaE respectively. The median DAP values were 13.6 Gycm2 and 27.8 Gycm2 for BaM and BaE respectively. The median values were recommended as the potential Diagnostic Reference Levels for BaM and BaE as they are less affected by outlying values of under or over- weight (Yakoumakis, Tsalafoutas, Sandilos, Koulentianos et al, 1999). The weights of the patients, fluoroscopy time, the number of images obtained, the use of digital or conventional fluoroscopy equipment and the level of training of the radiologists were the factors considered for dose variation among the 3 hospitals.

Orientador: Maria Aparecida Zaghete Bertochi / Banca: Orivaldo Lopes da Silva / Banca: Neri Alves / Banca: Walter Katsumi Sakamoto / Banca: Cecilia Amelia de Carvalho Zavaglia / Resumo: Neste trabalho, foi conduzido um estudo sistemático da síntese de compósitos poli(fluoreto de vinilideno-trifluoretileno)/titanato de bário - P(VDF-TrFE)/BT - para uso em Regeneração Tecidual Guiada (GTR). Esta técnica osteopromotiva tem sido amplamente empregada em tratamentos do periodonto. A GTR emprega uma barreira física (membrana) para promover a formação de osso pela migração de células ósseas na região isolada. Desta forma, estas células são capazes de regenerar o defeito ósseo pela exclusão da competição com células não-osteogênicas na reabsorção do coágulo. Desta forma, membranas de compósitos polímero-cerâmica piezoelétrica podem promover osteogênese por meio de potenciais elétricos produzidos e prover proteção mecânica a região isolada. Membranas deste tipo podem ser consideradas como barreiras alternativas para GTR. Nesta direção, as propriedades estruturais e elétricas dos compósitos P(VDF-TrFE)/BT foram avaliadas, bem como, sua biocompatibilidade in vitro. Os compósitos foram preparados pela mistura de pós de titanato de bário e poli(fluoreto de vinilideno-trifluoretileno) (VDF = 80mol%) em meio de dimetilformamida (DMF0). As membranas de compósitos foram obtidos utilizando os seguintes métodos: espalhamento de solução sobre substrato (SC), deposição em spincoating (SP) e precipitação em água seguido de prensagem a quente (WHP). Compósitos obtidos por precipitação em água apresentaram microestrutura heterogênea e superfícies adequadas. Compósitos com fração volumétrica de 0,55 apresentaram os melhores valores de polarização remanescente e constante dielétrica relativa (33,1mC/cm2 e 78, respectivamente). Compósitos com fração volumétrica de 0,10 e 0,50 apresentaram coeficiente piezoelétrico d33 igual a 15,5 e ~0 pC/N respectivamente. P(VDF-TrFE)/BT demonstraram melhor biocompatibilidade in vitro...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In this work, a systematic study on synthesis of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene)/barium titanate - P(VDF-TrFE)/BT - composites for used in Guided Tissue Regeneration (GTR) was carried out. This osteopromotive technique has been widely employed on periodontal treatment. GTR utilizes a physical barrier (membrane) to promote bone-forming cell to migrate into secluded space. Hereby, these cells are able to regenerate the osseous defect, by the exclusion of competing non-osteogenic soft tissue cells on reabsorption. The osteogenic process also can be enhanced by application of electrical energy (direct current or pulsed electromagnetic field). Thereby, membranes of polymer-ceramic piezoelectric composites can promote the osteogenesis by means of electrics potentials produced and to provide mechanical protection to the secluded space. This kind of membrane can be considered an alternative barrier to GTR. In this way, the structural and electrical properties of P(VDF-TrFE)/BT composites were evaluated, as well as, their in vitro biocompatibility. The composites were prepared by mixing Barium Titanate powders and P(VDF-TrFE) (VDF=80mol%) on dimethylformamide medium (DMF). Composites membranes were made by following methods: solvent casting (SC), spincoating (SP), and precipitation on water followed by hot pressing (WHP). Composites obtained by WHP showed heterogeneous microstructure and adequate surfaces. The composite of ceramic fraction of 0.55 presented the best values of remanent polarization and relative dielectric constant (33.1mC/cm2 and 78, respectively). The piezoelectric coefficient d33 was 15,5 and ~0 pC/N for composites with volumetric fraction of 0.10 and 0.50 respectively. P(VDF-TrFE)/BT presented better in vitro biocompatibility when compared to commercial e-PTFE GTR barrier. Therefore, P(VDF-TrFE)/BT membrane developed could be an alternative to be used in GTR. / Doutor

Orientadores: Florencia Cecilia Menegalli, Theo Guenter Kieckbusch / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T20:07:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SalasValero_LadyMaria_M.pdf: 3009837 bytes, checksum: 312afc75f23ce98ef04627f10c940f8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Alginatos são polissacarídeos extraídos de algas pardas que apresentam uma grande gama de aplicações tecnológicas devido a sua conhecida habilidade em formar géis fortes, biodegradáveis e insolúveis em água ao ser reticulado com Ca2+. Biofilmes baseados nesse mecanismo podem ser confeccionados, formando estruturas transparentes e de alta resistência mecânica, mas que exigem considerável quantidade de plastificante para adequar sua flexibilidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e caracterizar filmes de alginato reticulados com cátions Ba2+, Sr2+ ou Al3+ e seus atributos funcionais foram comparados aos de filmes de alginato de cálcio. Filmes de diferentes espessuras foram elaborados por casting em processo em duas etapas: um protótipo de filme foi inicialmente formado, vertendo alíquotas de uma solução aquosa contendo alginato de sódio, glicerol como agente plastificante e uma pequena quantidade de íons cálcio para promover uma pré-reticulação, em placas quadradas de acrílico e submetidas a secagem a 40°C. A reticulação destes pré-filmes foi complementada por imersão em soluções de cloreto de bário, de estrôncio ou de alumínio. Filmes com diferentes graus de reticulação, e diferentes concentrações de glicerol foram caracterizados em relação a suas propriedades, tais como: aspecto visual, conteúdo de umidade, massa solubilizada, permeabilidade ao vapor de água, intumescimento em água, resistência mecânica à tração, alongamento, observações por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, opacidade e cor. O estudo indica que o cloreto de bário é uma alternativa eficiente como agente reticulante por apresentar rápida e intensa reticulação da camada superficial dos filmes de alginato formando filmes com boas propriedades funcionais, excelente manuseabilidade, e altos valores de alongamento, porém menos transparentes. Filmes reticulados com Sr2+ apresentaram características funcionais superiores aos filmes reticulados com Ca2+ de mesma espessura, exceto quanto à permeabilidade ao vapor d¿água, que foi ligeiramente mais alta. O uso do íon trivalente Al3+, que é pequeno e lábil, como agente reticulante formou filmes densos devido à reticulação em todo o seu volume, exibindo limitados atributos funcionais, sobretudo em relação a flexibilidade, pois sua compacta estrutura tridimensional impedia a incorporação de glicerol / Abstract: Alginates are polysaccharides extracted from brown seaweeds with a large range of technological applications due to their well known ability to form strong gels that are biodegradable and insoluble in water when crosslinked with calcium ions. Films based on this mechanism can be confectioned, forming transparent structures with high mechanical resistance, but require considerable amount of plasticizers in order to become flexible. This work evaluated the development and characterization of alginate films reticulated with Ba2+, Sr2+ or Al3+ and their functional attributes were compared to films of calcium alginate. Prototypes of films with distinct thicknesses were confectioned by casting in a two-step procedure: different aliquots of an aqueous solution containing sodium alginate, glycerol as plasticizer and a small amount of calcium chloride in order to promote a weak crosslinking were poured in Plexiglas square dishes and dried at 40ºC. The crosslinking of these pre-films were further complemented by immersion in solutions containing barium, strontium or aluminum chloride. Films of different degrees of reticulation and different concentration of glycerol were characterized as to visual appearance, water content, swelling degree, soluble mass, water vapor permeability, mechanical resistance to tension and elongation, opacity, color and were also submitted to SEM observation. This investigation selects barium as an excellent alternative crosslinking agent, since it promotes a fast and intense surface reticulation producing films with good physical attributes and handling, due to their high values of elongation. Films reticulated with Sr2+ show slightly better functional properties compared to calcium alginate films of the same thickness. The use of the small and labile trivalent Al3+ ion as reticulant led to very dense structures due to its ability to crosslink the film core. The films formed, however, were brittle due to lack of flexibility, since the tight tridimensional structure hindered the incorporation of glycerol / Mestrado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos