This research explores how near-future information can be used to strategically control a batch processor in a serial-batch processor system setting. Specifically, improved control is attempted by using the upstream serial processor to provide near-future arrival information to the batch processor and further meet the re-sequencing requests to shorten critical products? arrival times to the batch processor. The objective of the research is to reduce mean cycle time and mean tardiness of the products being processed by the serial-batch processor system. This research first examines how mean cycle time performance of the batch processor can be improved by an upstream re-sequencing approach. A control strategy is developed by combining a look-ahead control approach with an upstream re-sequencing approach and is then compared with benchmark strategies through simulation. The experimental results indicate that the new control strategy effectively improves mean cycle time performance of the serial-batch processor system, especially when the number of product types is large and batch processor traffic intensity is low or medium. These conditions are often observed in typical semiconductor manufacturing environments. Next, the use of near-future information and an upstream re-sequencing approach is investigated for improving the mean tardiness performance of the serial-batch processor system. Two control strategies are devised and compared with the benchmark strategies through simulation. The experimental results show that the proposed control strategies improve the mean tardiness performance of the serial-batch processor system. Finally, the look-ahead control approaches that focus on mean cycle time and mean tardiness performances of the serial-batch processor system are embedded under a new control strategy that focuses on both performance measures simultaneously. It is demonstrated that look-ahead batching can be effectively used as a tool for controlling batch processors when multiple performance measures exist.

This research explores how near-future information can be used to strategically control a batch processor in a serial-batch processor system setting. Specifically, improved control is attempted by using the upstream serial processor to provide near-future arrival information to the batch processor and further meet the re-sequencing requests to shorten critical products? arrival times to the batch processor. The objective of the research is to reduce mean cycle time and mean tardiness of the products being processed by the serial-batch processor system. This research first examines how mean cycle time performance of the batch processor can be improved by an upstream re-sequencing approach. A control strategy is developed by combining a look-ahead control approach with an upstream re-sequencing approach and is then compared with benchmark strategies through simulation. The experimental results indicate that the new control strategy effectively improves mean cycle time performance of the serial-batch processor system, especially when the number of product types is large and batch processor traffic intensity is low or medium. These conditions are often observed in typical semiconductor manufacturing environments. Next, the use of near-future information and an upstream re-sequencing approach is investigated for improving the mean tardiness performance of the serial-batch processor system. Two control strategies are devised and compared with the benchmark strategies through simulation. The experimental results show that the proposed control strategies improve the mean tardiness performance of the serial-batch processor system. Finally, the look-ahead control approaches that focus on mean cycle time and mean tardiness performances of the serial-batch processor system are embedded under a new control strategy that focuses on both performance measures simultaneously. It is demonstrated that look-ahead batching can be effectively used as a tool for controlling batch processors when multiple performance measures exist.

No description available.

Batch and semi-batch processes provide needed flexibility for multi-product plants, especially when products change frequently and production quantities are small. However, challenges occur when trying to implement reliable control systems in batch processes due to some unavoidable inherent characteristics such as the presence of time-varying and nonlinear batch process dynamics and a host of unmeasured disturbances. The most typical control strategy employed in batch process operations does not use utilise online measurements of variables directly related to the product quality and as such is bound to produce off specification products even when the specified control objective has been met. Work done in this thesis is concerned with the design of a supervisory control scheme that takes into consideration the online status of the quality variable of interest from the beginning to the end of the batch process. A novel control methodology is proposed which combines the speed and flexibility of Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopic measurements as quality feedback variables within a multiple model predictive control (MPC) framework. In particular the multivariate NIR spectral data is pre-processed for feedback using a statistical model based on Independent Component Analysis (ICA). The proposed controller is tested on a benchmark simulated batch reactor using several case studies and is demonstrated to bring significant improvement in control performance when contrasted with other inferential and direct quality controllers.

The thesis is focused on the control of batch processes on recipe basis. The objective of this thesis is to create a philosophy of control batch processes using programming languages SCL and CFC. In the theoretical part of the work, the automation of production are explained and the principles of the control of batch processes based on recipes in accordance with standard S88 are described. In the last part there is a draft concept of such a procedure without the use of batch-oriented type systems like Batch is.

A toxina tetânica é uma proteína sintetizada pelo bacilo Clostridium tetani que após destoxificação através da ação do formol, continua apresentando propriedades antigênicas e imunogênicas, obtendo a denominação toxóide tetânico. A síntese dessa proteína ocorre quando esse bacilo encontra-se na sua forma vegetativa e em meio de cultura específico relativamente complexo contendo glicose e peptonas. O efeito simultâneo de diferentes níveis de glicose (Go) e N-Z Case TT® (NZo) como fontes de carbono e nitrogênio, respectivamente, na produção de toxina tetânica foi investigada nesta primeira parte do trabalho em cultivo estático por meio de planejamento fatorial em estrela com cinco níveis e avaliado por metodologia de superfície de resposta, com a finalidade de otimização do processo. O valor mais alto de toxina tetânica encontrado, correspondente a Go = 9,7 g/L e NZo = 43,5 g/L, foi 79% maior que aqueles obtidos em condições padrões de cultivo (Go = 8,0 g/L e NZo = 25,0 g/L). Também foram realizados cultivos de C. tetani utilizando o processo descontínuo alimentado com diferentes protocolos para a correção da concentração de glicose no meio de cultivo ao longo do tempo em diferentes concentrações iniciais de N-Z Case TT®. Dois grupos de ensaios foram executados: a) experimentos realizados com a correção da concentração de glicose para 3,0 g/L nos instantes 16, 56 e 88 h e b) experimentos com correção inicial da concentração de glicose para 3,0 g/L e após esta cair para 1-1,5 g/L. O primeiro protocolo de correção da concentração de glicose e NZo = 50,0 g/L foram as melhores condições para obtenção de toxina tetânica. Nestas condições, o título de toxina tetânica foi 300% maior que aqueles obtidos em cultivos padrão. / The tetanus toxin is a neurotoxin synthesized by the bacillus Clostridium tetani that, after detoxification with formaldehyde, still exhibits antigenic and immunologic properties, hence its denomination of tetanus toxoid. Such a neurotoxin is produced by cultivations of the microorganism in vegetative form on a relatively complex specific medium containing glucose and peptone. The simultaneous effects of the starting levels of glucose (Go) and N-Z Case TT® (NZo) as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, on the production of tetanus toxin, have been investigated in this work in static cultivations by means of a five-levels star-shaped experimental design and evaluated by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for optimization purposes. The highest final average yield of tetanus toxin, achieved at Go = 9.7 g/L and NZo = 43.5 g/L, was 79% higher than that obtained with standard cultivations (Go = 8.0 g/L and NZo = 25.0 g/L). Also, there were carried out cultivations of C. tetani using fed-batch process at different protocols to correct the glucose concentration in the cultivation medium along the time at different initial N-Z Case TT® concentrations (NZo). Two series of runs were performed: a) experiments with the correction of the glucose concentration to 3.0 g/L in the times 16, 56 and 88 hours and b) experiments with initial correction of the glucose concentration to 3.0 g/L and after it to drop to 1-1,5 g/L. The former protocol to correct the glucose concentration and NZo = 50.0 g/L were the best condition to obtain tetanus toxin. In these conditions, the yield of tetanus toxin was 300% higher than that obtained with standard cultivations.

A toxina tetânica é uma proteína sintetizada pelo bacilo Clostridium tetani que após destoxificação através da ação do formol, continua apresentando propriedades antigênicas e imunogênicas, obtendo a denominação toxóide tetânico. A síntese dessa proteína ocorre quando esse bacilo encontra-se na sua forma vegetativa e em meio de cultura específico relativamente complexo contendo glicose e peptonas. O efeito simultâneo de diferentes níveis de glicose (Go) e N-Z Case TT® (NZo) como fontes de carbono e nitrogênio, respectivamente, na produção de toxina tetânica foi investigada nesta primeira parte do trabalho em cultivo estático por meio de planejamento fatorial em estrela com cinco níveis e avaliado por metodologia de superfície de resposta, com a finalidade de otimização do processo. O valor mais alto de toxina tetânica encontrado, correspondente a Go = 9,7 g/L e NZo = 43,5 g/L, foi 79% maior que aqueles obtidos em condições padrões de cultivo (Go = 8,0 g/L e NZo = 25,0 g/L). Também foram realizados cultivos de C. tetani utilizando o processo descontínuo alimentado com diferentes protocolos para a correção da concentração de glicose no meio de cultivo ao longo do tempo em diferentes concentrações iniciais de N-Z Case TT®. Dois grupos de ensaios foram executados: a) experimentos realizados com a correção da concentração de glicose para 3,0 g/L nos instantes 16, 56 e 88 h e b) experimentos com correção inicial da concentração de glicose para 3,0 g/L e após esta cair para 1-1,5 g/L. O primeiro protocolo de correção da concentração de glicose e NZo = 50,0 g/L foram as melhores condições para obtenção de toxina tetânica. Nestas condições, o título de toxina tetânica foi 300% maior que aqueles obtidos em cultivos padrão. / The tetanus toxin is a neurotoxin synthesized by the bacillus Clostridium tetani that, after detoxification with formaldehyde, still exhibits antigenic and immunologic properties, hence its denomination of tetanus toxoid. Such a neurotoxin is produced by cultivations of the microorganism in vegetative form on a relatively complex specific medium containing glucose and peptone. The simultaneous effects of the starting levels of glucose (Go) and N-Z Case TT® (NZo) as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, on the production of tetanus toxin, have been investigated in this work in static cultivations by means of a five-levels star-shaped experimental design and evaluated by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for optimization purposes. The highest final average yield of tetanus toxin, achieved at Go = 9.7 g/L and NZo = 43.5 g/L, was 79% higher than that obtained with standard cultivations (Go = 8.0 g/L and NZo = 25.0 g/L). Also, there were carried out cultivations of C. tetani using fed-batch process at different protocols to correct the glucose concentration in the cultivation medium along the time at different initial N-Z Case TT® concentrations (NZo). Two series of runs were performed: a) experiments with the correction of the glucose concentration to 3.0 g/L in the times 16, 56 and 88 hours and b) experiments with initial correction of the glucose concentration to 3.0 g/L and after it to drop to 1-1,5 g/L. The former protocol to correct the glucose concentration and NZo = 50.0 g/L were the best condition to obtain tetanus toxin. In these conditions, the yield of tetanus toxin was 300% higher than that obtained with standard cultivations.

Microalgas são organismos unicelulares, eucariontes, fotossintetizantes e eficientes fixadores de gás carbônico que apresentam grande potencial para produção de ácidos graxos além de pigmentos, como os carotenóides e a clorofila, de interesse nas indústrias de alimentos, química, farmacêutica e de cosméticos. Dentre as microalgas, o microrganismo Ankistrodesmus braunii vem sendo citado como capaz de produzir grandes quantidades de lipídios, podendo corresponder a até 73% de sua massa seca, com produção de ácidos graxos insaturados, como o ácido linolênico. Esse microrganismo se destaca do ponto de vista industrial por poder ser conduzido em reatores e em meios de cultivo complexos. As fontes de nitrogênio, as concentrações empregadas destes nutrientes, bem como o tipo de processo de cultivo interferem na composição de biomassas fotossintetizantes. O uso de reatores tubulares tem sido estudado e tem se apresentado interessante por permitir a obtenção de altas concentrações celulares. Nesse sentido, este trabalho teve a finalidade de estudar o crescimento de Ankistrodesmus braunii em reator tubular com uso de diferentes quantidades de nitrato de sódio por processos descontínuo, descontínuo alimentado e semi-contínuo. Nos cultivos descontínuos, a máxima concentração celular (Xm) encontrada foi de 1588 ± 11 mg.L-1 com uso de 20 mM de NaNO3. O uso do processo descontínuo alimentado, o qual teve adição de 20 mM de NaNO3 feito num intervalo a cada 48 horas sendo iniciada a adição no primeiro dia, permitiu a obtenção de Xm = 2753 ± 7 mg.L-1; porém não foi possível eliminar a fase lag do cultivo, levando a uma produtividade em células (Px) de 351 ± 1 mg.L-1.dia-1. O processo semi-contínuo foi eficiente para eliminar a fase lag do cultivo, permitindo a obtenção de Xm = 2399 ± 5 mg.L-1 e um aumento de até 50% em Px, que chegou a valores de 525 ± 1 mg.L-1.dia-1 em cultivos com uso de 20 mM de NaNO3. Nesta condição os teores de proteínas e lipídios nas biomassas foram de 34,8 ± 0,2% e 38,6 ± 0,2%, respectivamente. Foi observado que, independentemente do tipo de processo empregado, há um decréscimo do valor do fator de conversão de nitrogênio em células (YX/N) com o aumento da adição de NaNO3. O maior valor de YX/N foi obtido no experimento com processo semi-contínuo e uso de 2 mM de NaNO3 no meio de cultivo, com valor médio de 29,1 ± 0,1 mg mg-1 ao final do segundo ciclo. Porém, nesta condição, o teor de proteínas da biomassa foi de 17,3 ± 0,4%. Já os maiores valores de YX/N encontrados nos processos descontínuo e descontínuo alimentado foram, respectivamente, de 22,5 ± 1,6 e 7,1 ± 0,1 mg mg-1. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho evidenciam o potencial de Ankistrodesmus braunii como fonte de proteínas e lipídios para uso industrial. / Microalgae are unicellular organisms, photosynthetic eukaryotes and which have great potential for the production of fatty acids as well as pigments such as carotenoids and chlorophyll, of interest in the food industry, chemicals, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Among the microalgae, the microorganism Ankistrodemsus braunii has been cited as capable of producing large amounts of lipids, which may correspond to up to 73% of its dry mass, producing unsaturated fatty acids, such as linolenic acid. This microorganism stands out from the industrial point of view because it can be carried out in reactors and in complex culture media. Nitrogen sources and concentrations employed of these nutrients interfere the composition of photosynthetic biomass and type of process employed also clearly exerts its influence both the growth and the composition of the biomass obtained. The use of tubular reactors has been studied and shown to be interesting because it allows the achievement of high cell concentrations. In this sense, this work aims to study the growth of Ankistrodemsus braunii tubular reactor using different amounts of nitrogen and under different forms of cultivation. In batch cultures, the maximum cell concentration (Xm) was found to be 1588 ± 11 mg.L-1, using 20 mM NaNO3. The use of the fed batch process, which had the addition of 20 mM NaNO3 in a range of 48 to 48 hours from the first to the sixth day, afforded Xm = 2753 ± 7 mg.L-1;ever it was not possible to eliminate the lag phase cultivation, leading to a productivity of cells (Px) of 351 ± 1 mg.L-1.day-1. The semi-continuous process was effective to eliminate the lag phase of the culture, allowing to obtain Xm = 2399 ± 5 mg.L-1 and increased up to 50% the Px value, which reached values of 525 ± 1 mg.L-1.day-1 in cultures with the use of 20 mM of NaNO3. In this condition the protein levels and lipid in the biomass were 34,8 ± 0,2% and 38,6 ± 0,2%, respectively. In all culture processes, it was observed that regardless of the type of process used, there is a decrease in the amount of nitrogen conversion factor into cells (YX/N) with increasing addition of NaNO3. The highest value of YX/N was obtained in the experiment with semi-continuous process with the use of 2 mM of NaNO3 in the culture medium, with an average of 29.1 ± 0.1 mg mg-1 at the end of the second cycle. However, in this condition, the protein content of the biomass was 17.3 ± 0.4%. The best values of YX/N found in the batch and fed-batch processes were, respectively, 22.5 ± 1.6 and 7.1 ± 0.1 mg mg-1. The results of this study shows the potential of Ankistrodemsus braunii as a source of protein and lipids for industrial use.

Foram estudados os processos descohtínuo e descontínuo alimentado de fermentação alcoólica, utilizando-se mosto de melaço de cana de açúcar e Saccharomyces cerevisiae na forma de fermento prensado. Foram analisados a influência da vazão de alimentação exponencialmente decrescente, do tempo de enchimento e do nível de inóculo no comportamento do sistema, considerando os seguintes parâmetros: - produtividades em etanol e em células - rendimento em etanol - fator de conversão de substrato em células. Para o processo descontínuo alimentado, o valor máximo atingido para a produtividade em etanol foi de 16,9 g/L.h. Os resultados obtidos de rendimentos e produtividades em etanol foram semelhantes para os processos descontínuo e descontínuo alimentado (com tempo de enchimento de 3 h e constante de tempo de 1,6 h-1). / The batch and fed-batch fermentations of sugar -cane blackstrap molasses by the action of Saccharomyces cerevisiae(pressed yeast) were studied. The influence of exponentially decreasing feeding rates, fermentar filling-up time and levei of inocullum on the behavior was analysed considering the following parameters: - ethanol and cell productivities - ethanol yield - yield yeast. At fed-batch fermentation, the maximum ethanol productivity obtained was 16.9 g/L.h. The results of ethanol productivities and yield achieved for batch and fedbatch (with fermentar filling-up time of 3 h and time constant of 1.6 h-1</SUP).

Foram estudados os processos descohtínuo e descontínuo alimentado de fermentação alcoólica, utilizando-se mosto de melaço de cana de açúcar e Saccharomyces cerevisiae na forma de fermento prensado. Foram analisados a influência da vazão de alimentação exponencialmente decrescente, do tempo de enchimento e do nível de inóculo no comportamento do sistema, considerando os seguintes parâmetros: - produtividades em etanol e em células - rendimento em etanol - fator de conversão de substrato em células. Para o processo descontínuo alimentado, o valor máximo atingido para a produtividade em etanol foi de 16,9 g/L.h. Os resultados obtidos de rendimentos e produtividades em etanol foram semelhantes para os processos descontínuo e descontínuo alimentado (com tempo de enchimento de 3 h e constante de tempo de 1,6 h-1). / The batch and fed-batch fermentations of sugar -cane blackstrap molasses by the action of Saccharomyces cerevisiae(pressed yeast) were studied. The influence of exponentially decreasing feeding rates, fermentar filling-up time and levei of inocullum on the behavior was analysed considering the following parameters: - ethanol and cell productivities - ethanol yield - yield yeast. At fed-batch fermentation, the maximum ethanol productivity obtained was 16.9 g/L.h. The results of ethanol productivities and yield achieved for batch and fedbatch (with fermentar filling-up time of 3 h and time constant of 1.6 h-1</SUP).