Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 1926. / "Reprinted from Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 48, no. 5." eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record.

Proefschrift--Utrecht, 1937. / "Stellingen," 2 l. inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

Proefschrift--Utrecht, 1937. / "Stellingen," 2 l. inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 1926. / "Reprinted from Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 48, no. 5."

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2005.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-13T12:10:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-07-18. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-07-13T12:25:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000837283.pdf: 3517108 bytes, checksum: 232c181955dcd5815b0727f40986b4d3 (MD5) / Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos métodos de análise aplicados a baterias e pilhas. A primeira etapa do trabalho consistiu na caracterização do material ativo das amostras de baterias e pilhas. Com a Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Espectroscopia de Dispersão de Energia (EDS), foi possível calcular o tamanho médio das partículas com variação de 8,08 a 22,96 μm e verificar a presença dos metais tóxicos como Cd, Cr e Ni. O Cd apenas foi encontrado na bateria de Níquel- Cádmio (NiCd) e os demais elementos potencialmente tóxicos (Cr, Pb, As e Hg) não foram detectados. Ainda para a caracterização do material ativo das amostras e com auxílio da Difratometria de Raios-X (DRX) foi possível identificar a presença dos compostos químicos. Ensaio de lixiviação foi realizado para promover a extração dos metais tóxicos presentes no material ativo das baterias e pilhas. Os lixiviados foram analisados por Espectrometria de Absorção Atômica em Chama (FAAS) e Espectrometria de Emissão Óptica com Plasma Acoplado Indutivamente (ICP OES) para a quantificação dos metais Cr, Cd, Ni e Pb. O procedimento utilizado para promover as extrações foi ABNT NBR 10.005/2004 que permitiu avaliar a toxicidade do resíduo sólido. Os resultados obtidos através das duas técnicas utilizadas foram concordantes entre si, com a aplicação do Test t de Student com 95% de confiança e se mostraram adequadas para a determinação dos analitos de interesse no extrato lixiviado. A bateria NiCd apresentou uma alta concentração de Cd em sua composição e foi considerada um resíduo tóxico segundo a NBR 10.005/2004. Para a determinação total dos analitos na amostra de bateria NiCd, foi desenvolvido um procedimento de preparo de amostra que permitiu a total digestão da mesma, visando à quantificação dos metais tóxicos por ICP OES. O procedimento B se mostrou mais adequado para promover a... / In this work analytical methods applied to batteries were developed. The first stage work consisted in the characterization of the active material of the samples and batteries. With Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) it was possible to calculate the mean particle size with a range from 8.08 to 22.96 μm and verifying the presence of toxic metals such as Cd, Cr and Ni. The Cd was found only in the nickel-cadmium - NiCd batteries only, the other potentially toxic elements (Cd, Cr, Pb, As and Hg) were not detected. For the characterization of active material and the samples with the aid of X- Ray Diffraction (XRD) it was possible to identify the presence of chemical compounds. Leaching test was conducted to promote the extraction of toxic metals present in the active material of batteries. The leachates were analyzed by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES) for the quantification of metals Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb. The procedure used to promote the extractions was the ABNT NBR 10.005/2004 devised for evaluating the toxicity of solid waste. The results obtained by the two techniques were concordant between themselves, with the application of the Student's t-test with 95% confidence level and were adequate for the determination of the analytes in the leachate extract. The NiCd battery showed a high concentration of Cd in its composition and was considered a toxic waste according to NBR 10.005/2004. For total determination of the analytes in the NiCd sample, a procedure for sample preparation was developed that resulted in complete digestion of the same in order to quantify the toxic metals by ICP OES. Procedure B was more suitable to promote digestion of the samples with the determination of Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb. The accuracy using procedure B was evaluated using the NiCd battery and the ...

Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011 / The purpose of this thesis was to design and develop a measurement system that would allow accurate measurement of individual cell voltages in a series cell stack. The system was initially proposed to be used in conjunction with an active cell balancer. This would allow for the efficient equalising of cells as well as provide detailed information on the cell stack and how the stack operates over time. Having a system that measures voltages accurately, with which the active cell balancer can be controlled would allow for peak cell lifetime and performance. Current battery management systems are large, complex and inefficient and a new way of battery management had to be investigated. To accurately measure individual cells in a series stack, the high common mode voltage must be negated. Different techniques that are currently used to create galvanic isolation were reviewed; circuits were designed and were simulated to find the most suitable design. The traditional methods used to create galvanic isolation did not provide adequate results. The methods were too inefficient and not accurate enough to be used. The methods that had the required accuracy were too complicated to connect in a useable system. This led to the investigation of integrated circuits created to measure voltages in large cell stacks. An integrated circuit from Linear Technology was chosen and a system was built. A system was thus designed that fulfilled the most desirable design specifications while delivering excellent results. The system allowed accurate, individual voltages to be measured in the presence of high common mode voltages. Accuracies and measurement time were well below the required system specification. Power consumption was high, but different component choice will lower power consumption to within specification. Excellent results were obtained overall with most, although not all results well below the design specifications. By including current measurements, as well as other technologies such as wireless communication, USB connectivity and a better data processor, this system will be at the forefront of current battery management technology.

De nos jours, les batteries lithium-ion sont les plus utilisées pour alimenter les appareils électroniques et les véhicules électriques. Les accumulateurs électrochimiques basés sur le lithium ont une meilleure densité d'énergie et une plus grande fiabilité que toutes les autres méthodes d'accumulation d'énergie. Les batteries au lithium utilisées dans les applications de haute puissance et énergie sont généralement constitué d'un grand nombre de cellules, ce qui amène de nouveaux défis. Une méthodologie de dimensionnement facile et rapide a été identifiée comme un besoin à combler dans l'état de l'art. Ce travail vise à développer un tel outil permettant d'identifier rapidement les arrangements séries-parallèle respectant les objectifs de conception que sont le volume, le poids, l'énergie, le coût et la durée de vie, pour définir un espace de recherche. Ceci a pour but d'accélérer le processus de conception et assurant une meilleure prise de décision dès le début d'un projet. Une des nouveautés de ce travail est l'introduction de la représentation des performances système en cartes iso-performance, permettant une évaluation rapide et intuitive des tendances et de l'impact des compromis d'ingénierie. Le modèle sur lequel la méthodologie s'appuie assume le comportement statique en régime permanent pour estimer la puissance, le courant et la température d'opération et établir la durée de vie projetée d'un produit. En plus de la méthode de dimensionnement, un modèle transitoire électrothermique (MET) semi-empirique a été élaboré dans le formalisme de modélisation de la Représentation Énergétique Macroscopique (REM) sous MATLAB/Simulink\textregistered, contribuant à l'art de ce domaine. Celui-ci a été utilisé pour simuler le comportement du système d'accumulation d'énergie. Ce document vise à faire le pont entre tous les aspects principaux à considérer dans la conception d'une batterie, en présentant une nouvelle palette d'outils pouvant être utilisés par les ingénieurs de système. La flexibilité de l'application des outils à divers types de projets a été démontrée par l'application de la méthode à trois cas d'étude: une voiture urbaine électrique, un camion de livraison léger et un système stationnaire. / Abstract : Nowadays lithium-ion batteries have become the most popular technology to power portable electronic devices and battery powered electric vehicles. Lithium based electrochemical energy storage systems have far greater energy density and reliability than any other energy storage systems. Scaling up lithium-ion from small single cell batteries to large multi-cell systems comes with many new challenges. The need for a straightforward and easy-to-follow battery sizing methodology was identified as an area of improvement to the art. This work aims to provide such a tool to identify electrical arrangements that respect all design objectives, such as volume, mass, energy, cost and lifetime, to define a constraint bounded searchspace, speeding the process and ensuring a good decision right from the begining of a project. The novelty of this work is to present system level performances using iso-performance plots, allowing for quick and intuitive asssesment of design compromises and tendencies. The underlying model assumes steady-state operation of the system, to estimate temperature and lifetime prognosis. In addition to the battery sizing method, a transient semi-empirical electro-thermal battery model was constructed to run within MATLAB/Simulink® into the Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) modeling formalism framework, bringing new art to the field. With it energy storage system performances were validated by simulation. This document aims to bridge the gap between most of the aspects of battery design, presenting a new set of tools to be used by system engineers. Three different design scenarios have been studied : an Urban electric car, a light duty delivery truck and a stationary system; to show how the tools can be used to any type of battery design project.

Les batteries lithium-air et Li-S sont des techniques prometteuses pour un stockage efficace d’énergie électrochimique. Les principaux défis sont de développer un électrolyte solide à haute conductivité ionique et des cathodes efficaces. Dans ce travail, des aérogels de carbone conducteurs avec une double porosité ont été synthétisés en utilisant la méthode de sol-gel. Ils ont été utilisés comme cathode dans des batteries lithium-air. Ces cathodes peuvent fournir deux types de canaux pour le stockage de produits de décharge, facilitant la diffusion gaz-liquide et réduisant ainsi le risque de colmatage. Presque 100 cycles été obtenus avec une capacité de 0,4 mAh et une densité de courant de 0,1 mA/cm². Pour le développement d'électrolyte solide stable et conducteur, les sulfures, en particulier Li4SnS4 et son dérivé Li10SnP2S12 ont été particulièrement étudiés. Ces composés ont été synthétisés en utilisant une technique en deux étapes comprenant la mécanosynthèse et un traitement thermique à température relativement basse qui a été optimisé afin d'améliorer la conductivité ionique. La meilleure conductivité obtenue est de 8,27×10-4 S / cm à 25°C et ces électrolytes présentent une grande stabilité électrochimique sur une large gamme de voltage de 0,5 à 7V. Les couches minces ont également été déposées en utilisant la technique de pulvérisation cathodique, avec en général une conductivité ionique améliorée. La performance des batteries Li-S assemblées avec ces électrolytes massifs doit être améliorée, en particulier en améliorant la conductivité ionique de l'électrolyte. / Lithium-air and Li-S batteries are promising techniques for high power density storage. The main challenges are to develop solid electrolyte with high ionic conductivity and highly efficient catalyzed cathode. In this work, highly conductive carbon aerogels with dual-pore structure have been synthesized by using sol-gel method, and have been used as air cathode in Lithium-air batteries. This dual- pore structure can provide two types of channels for storing discharge products and for gas-liquid diffusion, thus reducing the risk of clogging. Nearly 100 cycles with a capacity of 0.4mAh at a current density of 0.1 mA cm-2 have been obtained. For developing stable and highly conductive solid electrolyte, sulfides, especially Li4SnS4 and its phosphorous derivative Li10SnP2S12 have been particularly investigated. These compounds have been synthesized by using a two-step technique including ball milling and a relatively low temperature heat treatment. The heat treatment has been carefully optimized in order to enhance the ionic conductivity. The best-obtained conductivity is 8.27×10-4 S/cm at 25°C and the electrolytes show high electrochemical stability over a wide working range of 0.5 – 7V. Thin films have also been deposited by using the sputtering technique, with generally improved ionic conductivity. The performance of the Li-S batteries assembled with these bulk electrolytes is still to be improved, particularly by improving the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte.

Although markets for alternative batteries, such as Li-ion, are growing, Pb-alloy batteries still dominate the market due to their low cost and good functionality. Even though these Pb-alloy batteries have been around since their discovery in 1859, little research involving advanced characterization techniques, such as synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD) and transmission electron diffraction (TEM) have been performed on Pb-alloys and sulfation, a failure mode in lead acid batteries, with regards to thermally- and electrochemically-induced changes at the atomic and microstructural scale. Therefore, there is a need to close this scientific gap between research and the application of Pb-alloy battery material. The main objectives of this research are to examine the process of sulfation and its growth mechanisms as well as to study the effects of minor alloying additions in Pb-alloy material. In the first case, nucleation and growth mechanisms of PbSO4 nano- and micro-particles in various solutions are examined using TEM to potentially reduce or control the buildup of PbSO4 on battery electrodes over time. The time dependency of particle morphology was observed using various reaction conditions. This insight can provide avenues to reduce unwanted buildup of PbSO4 on battery electrodes over time which can extend battery life and performance. This is followed by in situ SR-XRD studies of the grain growth and phase evolution associated with adding minor alloying elements, a varying combination of Sb, As, Ca, Sn, Al, In, Ba, and Bi, in Pb-alloy grid material during isothermal holds and thermal cycling. Additionally, sulfation studies were performed in H2SO4 solutions, and the Pb-alloys underwent cyclic voltammetry. Through this research, knowledge of elemental effects on Pb-alloys and corresponding sulfation effects provide insight into ways to extended the life and increase the efficiency of Pb-alloy batteries.