A series of 4 observational studies was performed on a Bovelder herd at Johannesburg Water’s Northern Farm. The heifer and cow breeding seasons started on 15 October and 1 November every year, and consisted of 50 d and 60 d of oestrus observation respectively, with once daily artificial insemination (AI). Five to 7 days after the AI period bulls were added in multi-sire groups for a period of 42 d. Pregnancy diagnoses were performed between 23 March and 26 April every year. The farming system had been in place for >25 years, with few deviations. In the first study, reproductive tract scoring (RTS) by transrectal palpation on a 5- point scale was performed 1 day before the start of breeding on a group of heifers (n = 272) born in 2002. Heifers with RTS 1 or 2 were estimated to be pre-pubertal, those with RTS 3 pubertal and those with RTS 4 or 5 post-pubertal. Pre-breeding body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) were recorded, and Kleiber ratio (KR) was calculated (average daily gain/end weight0.75). Heifers were followed until they weaned their first calves. The objectives of this study were to determine if RTS is a valid tool to predict reproduction and production performance in limited bred beef heifers, and to compare its predictive value with that of BW, BCS, age and KR. After adjustment for BW and age, RTS was positively associated with pregnancy rate to the 50 day AI season (P < 0.01), calf weaning weight (P < 0.01) and pregnancy rate to the subsequent breeding season (P < 0.01), and negatively associated with days to calving (P < 0.01). RTS was a better predictor of fertility than was vi KR, and similar in its prediction of calf weaning weight. It was concluded that RTS is a predictor of heifer fertility and compares well with other traits used as a predictor of production outcomes. It was further hypothesised that RTS may predict long-term reproductive performance due to its association with pregnancy outcome and days to calving after first breeding, combined with reports that heifers calving early tend to calve early in subsequent seasons and have increased lifetime production. In study 2, a 7-year longitudinal study, 292 beef cows in two age cohorts were observed from 1-2 d before their first breeding season (day of RTS), until they had weaned up to 5 calves. Years to reproductive failure was defined as the number of years until a cow failed to become pregnant during the AI season. Animals with RTS 1 or 2 were at increased risk of early reproductive failure compared to those with RTS 4 or 5 (HR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.0, 1.9) despite the fact that RTS was not associated with calving rate or days to calving after the second calving season. The predictive value of RTS was lower in the age cohort with a higher prevalence of anoestrus. Most animals with RTS 1 or 2 that were subsequently detected in oestrus were in early to mid di-oestrus at the time of scoring. It was concluded that RTS is a valid culling tool to improve long-term reproductive success in a seasonal breeding system, by excluding poor performing animals. It was further concluded that the predictive value of RTS decreases with increasing prevalence of anoestrus and at certain stages of the oestrous cycle. Apart from failure to calve, dystocia as a result of foeto-maternal disproportion is the cause of significant production loss in beef heifers. Internal pelvis area (PA) can be calculated as the product of vertical and horizontal diameter of the pelvis measured transrectally using a calliper device. In study 3, the effects of five culling strategies using prebreeding PA data on calving and dystocia rates and on pre-breeding and calf birth weight (BWT) were compared in 484 heifers. Multiple regression analyses were used to determine independent predictors of PA, calf BWT and dystocia. Hypothetical culling of 10 or 20% of heifers was applied within age cohort after ranking by each of the following: unadjusted PA (PA); PA adjusted to 365 d of age (APA); PA:BW ratio (PA:BW); PA adjusted to the median BW of the group by the regression coefficient of PA on BW(BWPA) and PA similarly adjusted to the median lean BW (LBWPA). Dam parity, calf BWT and either BWPA or LBWPA were the only independent predictors of dystocia (P < 0.05), whereas the effect of PA tended to be significant only after adjusting for calf BWT (P = 0.08). After culling by PA or APA, retained heifers were heavier, had a higher calving rate and calves tended to be heavier at birth compared to culled heifers, but dystocia rates were not different. Although culling by PA:BW resulted in lower dystocia rate, it resulted in lower pre-breeding BW in retained than in culled heifers. Culling by BWPA and LBWPA had better sensitivity and specificity for dystocia than PA, and resulted in higher calving- and lower dystocia rates in the retained heifers, without affecting the pre-breeding BW or calf BWT. It was concluded that pelvimetry is a useful culling tool to aid in the management of dystocia in yearling heifers, and that adjustment of PA to median BW within age group improves its accuracy and avoids the undesirable side-effects of using unadjusted PA. The strong association of PA with calving rate resulted in the hypothesis for study 4, namely that PA can add prognostic value to RTS as a predictor of reproductive failure in beef heifers. Transrectal ultrasound (US) examination of the reproductive tract was also investigated in this study (n = 488) with the objective of identifying which ultrasonographic measures taken at a single point in time before the onset of breeding were independently associated with reproductive outcomes. In this study pregnancy failure was defined as the failure to become pregnant after the AI and bull breeding periods while anoestrus was defined as the failure to be detected in oestrus during the entire 50 d AI period. BCS, uterus horn diameter, absence of a CL, largest follicle of less than 13mm and PA were the pre-breeding examination variables that remained in prognostic models (P < 0.1). Combining either the model based on the three remaining US measures or RTS with PA provided more accurate prognostic models for pregnancy failure and anoestrus than using RTS alone (P < 0.05). It was concluded that US measures have prognostic value for pregnancy failure in restricted bred yearling heifers as a result of their association with anoestrus, and that smaller PA has additional value to identify poor performing heifers. In conclusion, pre-breeding examination is useful to identify beef cows with lower potential to reproduce successfully over the long term in a restricted breeding system. It is recommended that PA should always be included in such examination, either unadjusted or adjusted by BW, in herds with a low and high incidence of dystocia respectively, in combination with ultrasonography of the reproductive tract. When ultrasonography is not available, the accuracy of RTS by transrectal palpation can likely be improved by repeating it in low scoring animals after 7 days. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Production Animal Studies / unrestricted

The purpose of these studies was to evaluate the effects of a dietary fat supplementation on growth, reproduction and performance characteristics of replacement beef heifers reared in different management systems (pasture and dry lot conditions). The objectives were (1) to quantify changes in body composition traits and growth performance of replacement beef heifers fed different levels of fat in the supplemented diet,(2) to determine the reproductive performance of heifers supplemented with dietary fat in either a ryegrass pasture system or a dry lot system, and (3) to determine the value of real-time ultrasound technology (RTU) as an alternative technology to assist producers in the decision making process within replacement beef heifer programs. Over the three year study, we observed that both high (3 - 5%) and low (1.5 ? 2.5%)levels of dietary fat supplementation of replacement heifers did not have a negative affect in reproductive performance and body composition traits significantly, compared to controls (pasture-base, no supplementation. However, a positive response with respect to some body composition traits was observed in animals fed the higher level of dietary fat in 2004 and 2005 studies. Overall, growth of animals grazing ryegrass outperformed animals supplemented with dietary fat in a dry lot system; yet when dietary fat supplementation was integrated with a ryegrass pasture system, besides the positive effects in body composition traits metabolic changes in relevant reproduction hormones were observed with the addition of dietary fat treatment. Finally, the use of information on body composition traits of replacement beef heifers through the use of real-time ultrasound technology in the decision-making process resulted in a small financial return in these studies. However, the use of this alternative technology in a replacement beef heifer program may have additional value beyond the limited feeding periods reported here. These may include, a greater ability to predict heifer fertility as linked to growth and developmental characteristics (e.g., body composition traits), yet this requires further study.

This study was conducted to: i) determine the effect of residual feed intake (RFI) on first parity fertility and subsequent lifetime productivity of 820 females ranked as low, medium, and high RFI in western Canada and ii) investigate the relationship between RFI measured as a heifer and re-measured as a mature cow. No significant correlations were found between RFI and fertility/productivity traits. A negative trend (P < 0.10) was observed between RFI, RFIfat and MPPAbw, however, this trend was no longer apparent when RFI was adjusted for back fat and feeding event frequency (RFIfat&activity). No significant (P < 0.05) relationship was found between heifer RFI and cow RFI. These results suggest that selection for feed efficient, low RFI heifers i) has no impact on their fertility and productivity as cows, and ii) may not lead to superior feed efficiency as a mature cow as measured by RFI and Cow DMI. / February 2017

The biological process of estrus in cattle is known to initiate behavioral responses as a result of fluctuations in hormones, which may alter time budgeted for feeding. The current study aimed to quantify these variations that may exist in feed intake and behaviors in the days pre and post estrus. For this study, 517 estrous cycles in crossbred beef heifers of divergent sizes were used to analyze the impact of estrus behavior on feeding behavior with or without the presence of a bull. There were few differences in estrus behavior among heifers of divergent sizes, however the presence of a bull influenced all estrus activity parameters. Our findings indicate that feed intake and behaviors were sharply decreased on the day of estrus, but returned to baseline levels the following day. Thus, decreases in feed intake and behavior may serve as an additional tool indicating the onset of estrus.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / John Jaeger / Cattle grazing dormant native range (< 7% crude protein; CP) require supplementation of additional protein to sustain body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS). Daily delivery of these supplements is an economic burden to cattle producers faced with challenging economic circumstances. Supplementing cows infrequently (as little as once/week) has produced equivalent BW and BCS changes compared to daily delivery. Dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) provides more ruminally-undegradable protein (RUP; 50-60%) compared to traditional oilseed-meal supplements (i.e. soybean meal) that are >50% ruminally-degradable protein (RDP). Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the effects of supplementation frequency on performance, reproductive success, eating behavior, and subsequent calf performance of spring-calving cows supplemented with DDGS. No differences in ending BW (P = 0.69) and BCS (P = 0.49), or changes in BW and BCS over the supplementation period (P = 0.82 and 0.70, respectively) were observed among cows supplemented every d, every 3 d, or every 6 d. Calf BW at birth, weaning weight (WW), and average daily gain (ADG) were similar among treatments (P = 0.19, 0.12, and 0.10, respectively). First-service conception rate (FSCR) and final pregnancy rate (PR) were also not affected by supplementation frequency (P = 0.62 and 0.76, respectively). The development of replacement heifers is a large expense for cow-calf producers. Improved breeding and heifer development strategies aimed at ensuring the success of replacement females have been developed but reproductive failure still remains a problem. The stress associated with breeding and handling procedures may decrease reproductive success. Therefore, the objective was to determine if intramuscular administration of flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg BW) 14 days post-breeding would improve FSCR and PR in non-transported replacement heifers. Under the conditions of our study, flunixin meglumine did not improve (P = 0.87) first service conception rate above that of control heifers (41.2% and 42.3%, respectively). Final pregnancy rate also was not different between treatments and averaged 81.8% (P = 0.40).

Os genes dos receptores do hormônio luteinizante (LHR) e folículo estimulante (FSHR), conhecidos por sua influência na manifestação da puberdade, foram avaliados por análise PCR-RFLP em uma população de 370 novilhas de corte compostas, de diferentes composições raciais Europeu-Zebu. Os objetivos foram caracterizar geneticamente a população investigada, utilizando-se de freqüências genotípicas e alélicas e estimativas de variabilidade e diversidade gênica; avaliar o efeito dos marcadores sobre a precocidade sexual, caracterizada pela probabilidade de prenhez por ocasião da primeira estação de monta (PP), e estimar a proporção da variância genética total da variável PP atribuída aos marcadores investigados, bem como a herdabilidade da característica pelo método de Máxima Verossimilhança Restrita (REML) sob modelo animal e sob modelo touro. Contatou-se elevada freqüência de animais heterozigotos em quase todas as composições raciais investigadas, para ambos os genes, com um valor médio de heterozigosidade de 57%, resultados estes que refletem a elevada variabilidade genética desta população híbrida. As novilhas heterozigotas apresentaram maiores taxas de prenhez (67 e 66% respectivamente, para os genes do LHR e FSHR), entretanto não se constataram efeito dos polimorfismos RFLP LHR (P=0,9188) e FSHR (P=0,8831) sobre a manifestação deste evento. As estimativas de herdabilidade obtidas para a PP foram de 0,21 e 0,41, respectivamente sob modelo animal e sob modelo touro. A magnitude das estimativas dos componentes de (co)variância atribuídas aos efeitos dos marcadores se mostrou muito baixa, constatando-se a pequena contribuição destes marcadores na proporção da variância total da prenhez, indicando ser esta uma característica de herança poligênica. Os resultados aqui demonstrados indicam que a seleção de novilhas para a precocidade sexual, com base em sua informação genotípica para os marcadores RFLP LHR e FSHR, não se justifica em programas de melhoramento genético animal, sugerindo-se a investigação de outros genes igualmente importantes, envolvidos na manifestação deste evento. Contudo, os marcadores avaliados se mostraram informativos, sendo indicados em estudos de caracterização genética em outras populações bovinas. A elevada heterozigosidade verificada na população composta estudada viabiliza a exploração destes animais em cruzamentos / The luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) and follicle-stimulating receptor (FSHR) genes, known for their influence on the onset of puberty were evaluated by PCR-RFLP analysis in a population of 370 European-Zebu composite beef heifers from different breed contributions. The objectives were to genetically characterize the investigated population using genotype and allelic frequencies values besides on variability and gene diversity estimates; to evaluate the effect of markers on sexual precocity, characterized as the probability of pregnancy during the first breeding season (PP); and to estimate the proportion of total genetic variance in the PP related to the investigated markers, as well as the heritability estimate for PP by the Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) method for animal and sire models. The high number of heterozygous animals observed in almost all breed compositions studied for both loci, with average heterozigosity values of 57%, showed the high genetic variability on this hybrid population. Higher pregnancy rates were observed in heterozygous heifers (67% and 66% for LHR and FSHR genes, respectively), however, no effect of RFLP polymorphism for LHR (P=0.9188) and FSHR (P=0.8831) on pregnancy rate was observed. The heritabily estimates for PP were 0.21 and 0.41, using the animal and sire model, respectively. The small magnitude of the (co)variance components estimates related to random effects of LHR and FSHR, showed their small contribution in the proportion of total variance of pregnancy, indicating a polygenic inheritance for this trait. The results found in this work indicate that selection of beef heifers in animal genetic breeding programs for sexual precocity based on the inclusion of genotype information on RFLP for LHR e FSHR markers is not recommended. The investigation of other important genes related to puberty onset in heifers is necessary. However, the evaluated markers were informative and may be indicated for genetic characterization studies in other bovine populations. The high heterozigosity observed on the studied composite population maximizes the exploration of these animals in crossbreeding

Foram avaliadas diferentes formulações à base de progesterona (P4) para indução da puberdade e desempenho reprodutivo em novilhas da raça Nelore. Ao início do protocolo (D0), os animais (n=400; 13,5 &#177; 0,05 meses e 241,49 &#177; 1,50kg) foram distribuídos entre os grupos CT (Controle; sem tratamento; n=122), DI (Dispositivo Intravaginal; n=117) e IN (150 mg P4 injetável de longa ação; n=118). Dez dias (D10) após, os grupos tratados receberam 1 mg de benzoato de estradiol (BE) e 150 &micro;g de PGF2&#945;. Após doze dias (D22), todos os animais foram submetidos a protocolos de IATF e avaliados quanto à presença de CL (taxa de ovulação ao protocolo de indução da puberdade). Neste momento, todos os animais receberam um DI de P4 (1 g) e 2 mg de BE. Oito dias e meio após, os DI foram removidos e administrados 1 mg de BE, 150 &micro;g de PGF2&#945; e 300 UI de eCG. A IATF foi realizada no D10. Foram avaliadas características de desenvolvimento ovariano e uterino, assim como o desempenho reprodutivo após dois protocolos de IATF consecutivos. Houve aumento (P &lt; 0,05) do FD nos animais do grupo IN no D10, assim como maior (P &lt; 0,05) diâmetro ovariano nos grupos DI e IN no D22. O tônus e diâmetro uterino foram superiores (P &lt; 0,05) no D10 nos grupos tratados e permaneceram superiores até o início do protocolo de IATF (D22). Adicionalmente, o tônus e diâmetro uterino no grupo IN foram superiores (P &lt; 0,05) ao grupo DI no mesmo período. Houve aumento (P &lt; 0,05) na taxa de indução da puberdade nos animais tratados (DI = 63,25a% e IN = 68,64a%) quando comparados ao grupo CT (4,92b%). Foram observados maior diâmetro (P &lt; 0,05) do FD no D8,5 nos grupos tratados (DI e IN) e tendência (P &lt; 0,10) de aumento no FD no momento da IATF no grupo IN quando comparado ao grupo CT. Houve aumento (P &lt; 0,05) na taxa de concepção à 1ª IATF no grupo IN (42,74%) quando comparado aos grupos CT (24,59%) e DI (26,49%). No entanto, não houve diferença (P &gt; 0,05) na taxa de concepção à 2ª IATF, taxa de concepção acumulada, taxa de prenhez final, perda gestacional entre o DG30 e DG60 ou após o DG60. Desta forma, a utilização de P4 para indução da puberdade em novilhas Nelore é um tratamento eficaz, assim como aumenta o desenvolvimento do aparelho reprodutivo nos animais tratados. A utilização de P4 injetável de longa ação é uma alternativa aos tratamentos utilizados rotineiramente (dispositivos intravaginais) para indução da puberdade em novilhas, além de ser uma ferramenta de menor custo e maior praticidade de manejo, contribuindo também com a questão sanitária do rebanho. O tratamento com P4 para indução da puberdade aumenta a taxa de ciclicidade ao início do protocolo de IATF, porém, não aumenta a taxa de concepção acumulada, taxa de prenhez final e taxa de perda gestacional após a IATF. No entanto, houve aumento na taxa de concepção à 1ª IATF em animais tratados com P4 injetável de longa ação, antecipando o momento da concepção durante a EM. Desta forma, é possível reduzir a idade ao primeiro parto para os 2 anos em novilhas Nelore, possibilitando também uma forma indireta de seleção para precocidade sexual nestes animais com maior potencial genético dentro do rebanho. / Different progesterone (P4) sources were evaluated for induction of puberty and reproductive performance in Nelore heifers. At the beginning of the protocol (D0), animals (n=374, 13.5 &#177; 0.05 months and 241.49 &#177; 1.50 kg) were distributed in CT (Control; without treatment; n=122), ID (Intravaginal Device, n=117) and IN (150 mg long-acting injectable P4, n=118) groups. Ten days (D10) after, the treated groups received 1mg of estradiol benzoate (BE) and 150 &micro;g of PGF2&#945;. Twelve days (D22) after, all animals were submitted to FTAI protocols and evaluated for the presence of CL (ovulation rate after the protocol for induction of puberty). At this moment, an ID (1 g of P4) was placed in all animals plus 2 mg of BE. Eight and a half days later, IDs were removed and 1 mg of BE, 150 &micro;g of PGF2&#945; and 300 UI of eCG were administered. FTAI was performed on D10. Characteristics of ovarian and uterine development were evaluated as well reproductive performance after two consecutive FTAI protocols. An increase (P &lt; 0.05) of FD diameter was observed in the animals of the IN group in D10, as well a greater (P &lt; 0.05) ovarian diameter in ID and IN groups in D22. The uterine tone and diameter was higher (P &lt; 0.05) on D10 in treated groups and remained greater until the beginning of the FTAI protocol (D22). In addition, the uterine tone and diameter in the IN group was higher (P &lt; 0.05) than the ID group in the same period. There was an increase (P &lt; 0.05) on the induction of puberty in treated animals (ID = 63.25a% and IN = 68.64a%) when compared to CT group (4.92b%). A greater diameter (P &lt; 0.05) of the FD in the D8.5 was observed in the treated groups (ID and IN) and a trend (P &lt; 0.10) of increase in the FD at the moment of the FTAI in the IN group when compared to the CT group. There was a higher (P &lt; 0.05) conception rate at the 1st FTAI in the IN group (42.74%) when compared to the CT (24.59%) and ID (26.49%) groups. However, there was no difference (P &gt; 0.05) in the conception rate at the 2nd FTAI, cumulative conception rate, final pregnancy rate, gestational loss between DG30 and DG60 or after DG60. Thus, the use of P4 to induce puberty in Nellore heifers is an effective tool, as well enhances the development of the reproductive tract in treated animals. The use of long-acting injectable P4 is an alternative to commonly used treatments (intravaginal devices) to induce puberty in heifers, as well as being a lower cost and greater practicality tool of management, also contributing to the sanitary issues of the herd. Treatment with P4 for induction of puberty increases the rate of cyclicity at the start of the FTAI protocol, but does not increase the cumulative conception rate, final pregnancy rate, and gestational loss rate after FTAI. However, there was an increase in the conception rate at the 1st FTAI in animals treated with long-acting injectable P4, anticipating the moment of conception during BS in these animals. Thus, it is possible to reduce the age at first calving for 2 years in Nelore heifers, also allowing an indirect selection tool for sexual precocity in these animals with greater genetic potential within the herd.

Foram avaliadas diferentes formulações à base de progesterona (P4) para indução da puberdade e desempenho reprodutivo em novilhas da raça Nelore. Ao início do protocolo (D0), os animais (n=400; 13,5 &#177; 0,05 meses e 241,49 &#177; 1,50kg) foram distribuídos entre os grupos CT (Controle; sem tratamento; n=122), DI (Dispositivo Intravaginal; n=117) e IN (150 mg P4 injetável de longa ação; n=118). Dez dias (D10) após, os grupos tratados receberam 1 mg de benzoato de estradiol (BE) e 150 &micro;g de PGF2&#945;. Após doze dias (D22), todos os animais foram submetidos a protocolos de IATF e avaliados quanto à presença de CL (taxa de ovulação ao protocolo de indução da puberdade). Neste momento, todos os animais receberam um DI de P4 (1 g) e 2 mg de BE. Oito dias e meio após, os DI foram removidos e administrados 1 mg de BE, 150 &micro;g de PGF2&#945; e 300 UI de eCG. A IATF foi realizada no D10. Foram avaliadas características de desenvolvimento ovariano e uterino, assim como o desempenho reprodutivo após dois protocolos de IATF consecutivos. Houve aumento (P &lt; 0,05) do FD nos animais do grupo IN no D10, assim como maior (P &lt; 0,05) diâmetro ovariano nos grupos DI e IN no D22. O tônus e diâmetro uterino foram superiores (P &lt; 0,05) no D10 nos grupos tratados e permaneceram superiores até o início do protocolo de IATF (D22). Adicionalmente, o tônus e diâmetro uterino no grupo IN foram superiores (P &lt; 0,05) ao grupo DI no mesmo período. Houve aumento (P &lt; 0,05) na taxa de indução da puberdade nos animais tratados (DI = 63,25a% e IN = 68,64a%) quando comparados ao grupo CT (4,92b%). Foram observados maior diâmetro (P &lt; 0,05) do FD no D8,5 nos grupos tratados (DI e IN) e tendência (P &lt; 0,10) de aumento no FD no momento da IATF no grupo IN quando comparado ao grupo CT. Houve aumento (P &lt; 0,05) na taxa de concepção à 1ª IATF no grupo IN (42,74%) quando comparado aos grupos CT (24,59%) e DI (26,49%). No entanto, não houve diferença (P &gt; 0,05) na taxa de concepção à 2ª IATF, taxa de concepção acumulada, taxa de prenhez final, perda gestacional entre o DG30 e DG60 ou após o DG60. Desta forma, a utilização de P4 para indução da puberdade em novilhas Nelore é um tratamento eficaz, assim como aumenta o desenvolvimento do aparelho reprodutivo nos animais tratados. A utilização de P4 injetável de longa ação é uma alternativa aos tratamentos utilizados rotineiramente (dispositivos intravaginais) para indução da puberdade em novilhas, além de ser uma ferramenta de menor custo e maior praticidade de manejo, contribuindo também com a questão sanitária do rebanho. O tratamento com P4 para indução da puberdade aumenta a taxa de ciclicidade ao início do protocolo de IATF, porém, não aumenta a taxa de concepção acumulada, taxa de prenhez final e taxa de perda gestacional após a IATF. No entanto, houve aumento na taxa de concepção à 1ª IATF em animais tratados com P4 injetável de longa ação, antecipando o momento da concepção durante a EM. Desta forma, é possível reduzir a idade ao primeiro parto para os 2 anos em novilhas Nelore, possibilitando também uma forma indireta de seleção para precocidade sexual nestes animais com maior potencial genético dentro do rebanho. / Different progesterone (P4) sources were evaluated for induction of puberty and reproductive performance in Nelore heifers. At the beginning of the protocol (D0), animals (n=374, 13.5 &#177; 0.05 months and 241.49 &#177; 1.50 kg) were distributed in CT (Control; without treatment; n=122), ID (Intravaginal Device, n=117) and IN (150 mg long-acting injectable P4, n=118) groups. Ten days (D10) after, the treated groups received 1mg of estradiol benzoate (BE) and 150 &micro;g of PGF2&#945;. Twelve days (D22) after, all animals were submitted to FTAI protocols and evaluated for the presence of CL (ovulation rate after the protocol for induction of puberty). At this moment, an ID (1 g of P4) was placed in all animals plus 2 mg of BE. Eight and a half days later, IDs were removed and 1 mg of BE, 150 &micro;g of PGF2&#945; and 300 UI of eCG were administered. FTAI was performed on D10. Characteristics of ovarian and uterine development were evaluated as well reproductive performance after two consecutive FTAI protocols. An increase (P &lt; 0.05) of FD diameter was observed in the animals of the IN group in D10, as well a greater (P &lt; 0.05) ovarian diameter in ID and IN groups in D22. The uterine tone and diameter was higher (P &lt; 0.05) on D10 in treated groups and remained greater until the beginning of the FTAI protocol (D22). In addition, the uterine tone and diameter in the IN group was higher (P &lt; 0.05) than the ID group in the same period. There was an increase (P &lt; 0.05) on the induction of puberty in treated animals (ID = 63.25a% and IN = 68.64a%) when compared to CT group (4.92b%). A greater diameter (P &lt; 0.05) of the FD in the D8.5 was observed in the treated groups (ID and IN) and a trend (P &lt; 0.10) of increase in the FD at the moment of the FTAI in the IN group when compared to the CT group. There was a higher (P &lt; 0.05) conception rate at the 1st FTAI in the IN group (42.74%) when compared to the CT (24.59%) and ID (26.49%) groups. However, there was no difference (P &gt; 0.05) in the conception rate at the 2nd FTAI, cumulative conception rate, final pregnancy rate, gestational loss between DG30 and DG60 or after DG60. Thus, the use of P4 to induce puberty in Nellore heifers is an effective tool, as well enhances the development of the reproductive tract in treated animals. The use of long-acting injectable P4 is an alternative to commonly used treatments (intravaginal devices) to induce puberty in heifers, as well as being a lower cost and greater practicality tool of management, also contributing to the sanitary issues of the herd. Treatment with P4 for induction of puberty increases the rate of cyclicity at the start of the FTAI protocol, but does not increase the cumulative conception rate, final pregnancy rate, and gestational loss rate after FTAI. However, there was an increase in the conception rate at the 1st FTAI in animals treated with long-acting injectable P4, anticipating the moment of conception during BS in these animals. Thus, it is possible to reduce the age at first calving for 2 years in Nelore heifers, also allowing an indirect selection tool for sexual precocity in these animals with greater genetic potential within the herd.

O experimento 1 verificou o efeito de um protocolo de indução e sincronização de estros em novilhas sobre a cronologia das parições e a repetição de crias como primíparas. 194 novilhas Hereford e Braford foram divididas em 2 grupos: Tratamento, submetido a um protocolo misto de observação e sincronização de estros e inseminação artificial a tempo fixo (IATF); e Controle, submetido ao manejo convencional de inseminação artificial (IA). Ambos grupos foram submetidos a repasse por touros. O Experimento 2 avaliou o efeito de um pré-tratamento com norgestomet (NOR), prévio a um protocolo de sincronização para IATF em novilhas, sobre as taxas de prenhez, assim como os efeitos de características relacionadas com a reprodução. 74 novilhas Angus e cruzas, 18 e 24 meses de idade, com peso médio de 276 kg, condição corporal (CC) mínima de 3 (1-5) e avaliadas por ultra-som para o status ovariano, onde utilizaram-se somente novilhas 2 e 3 (1-3). Pesagens a cada 30 dias, desde os 60 dias anteriores aos serviços. Coletado sangue para dosagem de progesterona. Os animais foram divididos em 2 grupos: Tratamento, que recebeu um implante com 6 mg de NOR, na orelha direita, permanecendo por 14 dias; e Controle, que não recebeu implante. Dez dias após a retirada dos implantes, todas as novilhas foram a um protocolo para IATF, com uma injeção de GnRH, 7 dias depois uma aplicação de prostaglandina (PGF) e 48 horas mais tarde, as IATF e outra aplicação de GnRH. Quatorze dias após iniciou-se repasse com 2 touros, por mais 45 dias. O Experimento 3 avaliou o efeito da suplementação com progestágeno (acetato de medroxi-progesterona; MAP) ou progesterona, anteriormente a um protocolo para IATF, e verificou o efeito de características associadas à reprodução de novilhas, e de distintos manejos alimentares sobre as taxas de prenhez. Utilizaram-se 102 novilhas Angus, cruzas Angus e Braford, 22-24 meses, peso médio 241 kg e CC mínima de 2,5. Pesagens a cada 30 dias, a partir dos 60 dias anteriores aos serviços e ultra-som para o status ovariano (1-3). Quarenta e cinco dias antes da estação foram divididas em 2 grupos, Sem Suplementação, com 27 novilhas exclusivamente sobre pastagem natural, e Com Suplementação, com 75 novilhas consumindo 1% do peso em concentrado. Coletas de sangue para dosagem de progesterona. Grupos novamente divididos em 3, para receber dispositivo com progesterona, ou uma esponja intravaginal com MAP, ambos por 10 dias. O grupo Controle não recebeu nenhum tratamento. Na retirada dos implantes, todas as novilhas receberam PGF, e 4 dias depois, foram a um protocolo para IATF, com 2 mg de benzoato de estradiol na colocação de uma esponja com MAP. Sete dias depois, a esponja foi retirada, sendo aplicada PGF, seguindo-se nova aplicação de BE 24 horas depois, e IATF 52-56 horas após a PGF. Observação de estros 2 vezes por dia, desde a PGF até a IATF. Passados 14 dias, iniciou repasse por 4 touros, durante 45 dias. O Experimento 4 avaliou o efeito da suplementação de novilhas de corte com gammaorizanol, sobre o desempenho reprodutivo, assim como o efeito de outras características sobre a reprodução. Utilizaram-se 84 novilhas Angus, Hereford, Braford e Angus x Hereford, com 24 meses, peso médio de 283 kg e CC ≥ 3. Pesagens a cada 30 dias, desde 60 dias antes até o início dos serviços, coletas de sangue para dosagem de progesterona. Duas avaliações da espessura de gordura subcutânea, sobre a região P8 por ultra-som, com intervalo de 30 dias. Animais foram divididos em 2 grupos: Tratamento, que recebeu desde 45 dias antes até o início da estação reprodutiva, 150 ml/dia de gamma-orizanol junto à 1 kg de concentrado; e Controle, com 150 ml/dia de melaço, junto à 1 kg do mesmo concentrado. Observações de estros 2 vezes/dia e IA. Dez dias após aplicou-se PGF a todas ainda não observadas em estro, prosseguindo-se a observação e IA por mais 25 dias. Após, repasse por 2 touros por 45 dias. Diagnósticos de gestação por ultra-som, 30 dias após as IATF ou IA, e novamente, 30 dias depois de retirados os touros. No experimento 1, a porcentagem de prenhez na primeira estação reprodutiva foi semelhante para os 2 grupos. Entretanto, a repetição de crias nas primíparas do grupo Tratamento foi significativamente maior. No Experimento 2, não foram observadas diferenças entre as taxas de prenhez à IATF e final, e conforme a idade e o status ovariano. No Experimento 3, taxas de estro superiores para o grupo Progesterona em relação ao Progestágeno e Controle. Entretanto, taxas de prenhez semelhantes entre os grupos. Foi encontrada diferença entre o peso 24 dias antes dos serviços, para as novilhas que emprenharam em relação às que permaneceram vazias e para os pesos das novilhas ao final da temporada. As novilhas com status ovariano 2 e 3 foram mais pesadas em relação ao 1, mas as taxas de prenhez não diferiram com o status ovariano. O concentrado proporcionou superior GMD para o grupo Com Suplementação, mas sem diferenças para as taxas de prenhez. No Experimento 4, taxas de prenhez semelhantes para Tratamento e Controle. Novilhas prenhas foram as que acumularam maior quantidade de gordura na região P8. Concluindo, o manejo com sincronização de estros e IATF na primeira estação reprodutiva em novilhas, apesar de apresentar índices idênticos de prenhez ao final da temporada, proporcionou diferença significativa nos índices de prenhez na segunda estação. O pré-tratamento com norgestomet não proporcionou superiores taxas de prenhez em novilhas. Da mesma forma, o priming com progesterona ou MAP, não proporcionou taxas de prenhez superiores, assim como a utilização de suplementação alimentar. O peso corporal antes ou dos serviços, foi superior para as novilhas que emprenharam. Novilhas com status ovariano 2 e 3, foram mais pesadas. O fornecimento de gamma-orizanol não proporcionou superiores taxas de prenhez ou peso corporal, entretanto, novilhas que resultaram prenhas, acumularam maior quantidade de gordura antes da estação reprodutiva. / Experiment 1 verified the effect of an estrus synchronization protocol in heifers on parturition chronology and primiparous reproductive performance. 194 Hereford and Braford heifers were divided into 2 groups: Treatment group, submitted to an estrus observation and synchronization to fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) protocol; and Control group, submitted to a conventional artificial insemination (AI) management. All groups were submitted to a bull’s clean-up period. Experiment 2 evaluated the norgestomet (NOR) priming effect, before a fixed-time artificial insemination protocol (FTAI) in heifers, on pregnancy rates, as well as the effects of reproductive related characteristics. 74 Angus and cross-bred heifers, 18 and 24 months old, with 276 kg of body weight, body condition score (BCS) minimum of 3 (1- 5), and ovarian status evaluated by US. Only the 2 or 3 class heifers were used (1-3). Heifers were weighted at 30 days intervals, starting 60 days before the reproductive period. Blood was collected for progesterone assay. Heifers were divided in 2 groups: Treatment group, that received an ear implant with 6 mg of NOR, in the right ear, removing it 14 days after; and Control group, did not receive the implant. Ten days after the implants removal, all heifers were submitted to FTAI protocol, which including a GnRH i.m. injection, 7 days after the prostaglandin (PGF) aplication, and 48 hours later, FTAI and a second GnRH injection. Fourteen days later, started a clean-up period with 2 bulls, for 45 days more. Experiment 3 evaluated the progestin (medroxiprogesterone acetate; MAP) or progesterone suplementation effect, before a FTAI protocol, and evaluated the effects of reproductive associated characteristics in heifers, and feeding managements over pregnancy rates. 102 Angus, cross-bred Angus and Braford heifers, 22-24 months old were used, with an average body weight of 241 kg, and a minimum BCS of 2,5. Heifers were weighted at 30 days intervals, starting 60 days before the breeding period and an ecography was performed to evaluate ovarian status. Fourty five days before the season, heifers were divided into 2 groups. Without Suplementation group, with 27 heifers, only over natural pastures, and With Suplementation group, with 75 heifers receiving suplementation (72% TDN and 15% GP) about 1% body weight. Blood was collected for progesterone assay. Groups were again divided into 3, to receive a progesterone device or an intravaginal MAP sponge, for 10 days. The Control group, not received the treatment. At the implants removal, all heifers received PGF, and 4 days later were submitted to a FTAI protocol, with 2 mg estradiol benzoate with an intravaginal MAP sponge aplication. Seven days later, the sponge was removed, and PGF was injected, with a new EB injection, 24 hours later, and FTAI 52-56 hours after PGF. Estrus was observed from PGF injection to FTAI. A clean-up period started 14 days after with 4 bulls, for more 45 days. Experiment 4 evaluated the gamma-orizanol suplementation effects and other reproductive associated characteristics on fertility of beef heifers. 84 Angus, Angus x Hereford, Hereford and Braford heifers, 24 months old were used, with an average body weight of 283 kg and BCS ≥ 3. Heifers were weighted at 30 days intervals, to register ADG, and blood samples were collected for progesterone assay. Two subcutaneous fat thickness ecographic evaluations were performed at P8 region, with a 30 days interval. Animals were divided into 2 groups: Treatment group, that received 150 ml/day of gammaorizanol with 1 kg of concentrate since 45 days before the reproductive season start ; and Control group, with 150 ml/day of molasses with 1 kg of concentrate during the same period. Estrus control was done twice for day with AI of estrous heifers. Ten days later PGF was applied to all heifers that did not show estrus. The AI management continued for 25 days. In sequence, a clean-up period with 2 bulls was performed for 45 days. Gestational diagnostics by ecography at 30 days after FTAI, and again at 30 days after bulls removal. In experiment 1, pregnancy rates were similar between groups after first reproductive season. However, the repetition of Treatment group was significantly higher. In Experiment 2, were not observed differences between groups in FTAI and final pregnancy rates, without differences for age or ovarian status In Experiment 3, Progesterone group presented the higher estrus rates than Progestin and Control groups. However, were not observed differences in pregnancy rates among the groups. At the same experiment, difference on weights before mating was found between the heifers that became pregnant compared to heifers that stayed non pregnant. Heifers with ovarian status 2 and 3 had higher average weight than heifers with status 1. The suplementation enhanced ADG in the With Suplementation group, but it did not produce differences on pregnancy rates. In Experiment 4, pregnancy rates were similar between groups. Heifers which became pregnant acumulated more fat amount in P8 region, during the treatment period. In conclusion, the first breeding season management with synchronization to FTAI in heifers, since being presented identical final pregnancy rates, produced signifficative differences on pregnancy rates in the second breeding season. The priming with norgestomet did not enhance pregnancy rates in beef heifers, as well the progesterone or progestin primings and the different feeding managements. Heifers with ovarian status 2 and 3, had higher body weights. Gamma-orizanol supplementation did not enhanced pregnancy rates, ADG neither body weight. Heifers that became pregnant, acumulated more fat amount on P8 region before the reproductive season.

O experimento 1 verificou o efeito de um protocolo de indução e sincronização de estros em novilhas sobre a cronologia das parições e a repetição de crias como primíparas. 194 novilhas Hereford e Braford foram divididas em 2 grupos: Tratamento, submetido a um protocolo misto de observação e sincronização de estros e inseminação artificial a tempo fixo (IATF); e Controle, submetido ao manejo convencional de inseminação artificial (IA). Ambos grupos foram submetidos a repasse por touros. O Experimento 2 avaliou o efeito de um pré-tratamento com norgestomet (NOR), prévio a um protocolo de sincronização para IATF em novilhas, sobre as taxas de prenhez, assim como os efeitos de características relacionadas com a reprodução. 74 novilhas Angus e cruzas, 18 e 24 meses de idade, com peso médio de 276 kg, condição corporal (CC) mínima de 3 (1-5) e avaliadas por ultra-som para o status ovariano, onde utilizaram-se somente novilhas 2 e 3 (1-3). Pesagens a cada 30 dias, desde os 60 dias anteriores aos serviços. Coletado sangue para dosagem de progesterona. Os animais foram divididos em 2 grupos: Tratamento, que recebeu um implante com 6 mg de NOR, na orelha direita, permanecendo por 14 dias; e Controle, que não recebeu implante. Dez dias após a retirada dos implantes, todas as novilhas foram a um protocolo para IATF, com uma injeção de GnRH, 7 dias depois uma aplicação de prostaglandina (PGF) e 48 horas mais tarde, as IATF e outra aplicação de GnRH. Quatorze dias após iniciou-se repasse com 2 touros, por mais 45 dias. O Experimento 3 avaliou o efeito da suplementação com progestágeno (acetato de medroxi-progesterona; MAP) ou progesterona, anteriormente a um protocolo para IATF, e verificou o efeito de características associadas à reprodução de novilhas, e de distintos manejos alimentares sobre as taxas de prenhez. Utilizaram-se 102 novilhas Angus, cruzas Angus e Braford, 22-24 meses, peso médio 241 kg e CC mínima de 2,5. Pesagens a cada 30 dias, a partir dos 60 dias anteriores aos serviços e ultra-som para o status ovariano (1-3). Quarenta e cinco dias antes da estação foram divididas em 2 grupos, Sem Suplementação, com 27 novilhas exclusivamente sobre pastagem natural, e Com Suplementação, com 75 novilhas consumindo 1% do peso em concentrado. Coletas de sangue para dosagem de progesterona. Grupos novamente divididos em 3, para receber dispositivo com progesterona, ou uma esponja intravaginal com MAP, ambos por 10 dias. O grupo Controle não recebeu nenhum tratamento. Na retirada dos implantes, todas as novilhas receberam PGF, e 4 dias depois, foram a um protocolo para IATF, com 2 mg de benzoato de estradiol na colocação de uma esponja com MAP. Sete dias depois, a esponja foi retirada, sendo aplicada PGF, seguindo-se nova aplicação de BE 24 horas depois, e IATF 52-56 horas após a PGF. Observação de estros 2 vezes por dia, desde a PGF até a IATF. Passados 14 dias, iniciou repasse por 4 touros, durante 45 dias. O Experimento 4 avaliou o efeito da suplementação de novilhas de corte com gammaorizanol, sobre o desempenho reprodutivo, assim como o efeito de outras características sobre a reprodução. Utilizaram-se 84 novilhas Angus, Hereford, Braford e Angus x Hereford, com 24 meses, peso médio de 283 kg e CC ≥ 3. Pesagens a cada 30 dias, desde 60 dias antes até o início dos serviços, coletas de sangue para dosagem de progesterona. Duas avaliações da espessura de gordura subcutânea, sobre a região P8 por ultra-som, com intervalo de 30 dias. Animais foram divididos em 2 grupos: Tratamento, que recebeu desde 45 dias antes até o início da estação reprodutiva, 150 ml/dia de gamma-orizanol junto à 1 kg de concentrado; e Controle, com 150 ml/dia de melaço, junto à 1 kg do mesmo concentrado. Observações de estros 2 vezes/dia e IA. Dez dias após aplicou-se PGF a todas ainda não observadas em estro, prosseguindo-se a observação e IA por mais 25 dias. Após, repasse por 2 touros por 45 dias. Diagnósticos de gestação por ultra-som, 30 dias após as IATF ou IA, e novamente, 30 dias depois de retirados os touros. No experimento 1, a porcentagem de prenhez na primeira estação reprodutiva foi semelhante para os 2 grupos. Entretanto, a repetição de crias nas primíparas do grupo Tratamento foi significativamente maior. No Experimento 2, não foram observadas diferenças entre as taxas de prenhez à IATF e final, e conforme a idade e o status ovariano. No Experimento 3, taxas de estro superiores para o grupo Progesterona em relação ao Progestágeno e Controle. Entretanto, taxas de prenhez semelhantes entre os grupos. Foi encontrada diferença entre o peso 24 dias antes dos serviços, para as novilhas que emprenharam em relação às que permaneceram vazias e para os pesos das novilhas ao final da temporada. As novilhas com status ovariano 2 e 3 foram mais pesadas em relação ao 1, mas as taxas de prenhez não diferiram com o status ovariano. O concentrado proporcionou superior GMD para o grupo Com Suplementação, mas sem diferenças para as taxas de prenhez. No Experimento 4, taxas de prenhez semelhantes para Tratamento e Controle. Novilhas prenhas foram as que acumularam maior quantidade de gordura na região P8. Concluindo, o manejo com sincronização de estros e IATF na primeira estação reprodutiva em novilhas, apesar de apresentar índices idênticos de prenhez ao final da temporada, proporcionou diferença significativa nos índices de prenhez na segunda estação. O pré-tratamento com norgestomet não proporcionou superiores taxas de prenhez em novilhas. Da mesma forma, o priming com progesterona ou MAP, não proporcionou taxas de prenhez superiores, assim como a utilização de suplementação alimentar. O peso corporal antes ou dos serviços, foi superior para as novilhas que emprenharam. Novilhas com status ovariano 2 e 3, foram mais pesadas. O fornecimento de gamma-orizanol não proporcionou superiores taxas de prenhez ou peso corporal, entretanto, novilhas que resultaram prenhas, acumularam maior quantidade de gordura antes da estação reprodutiva. / Experiment 1 verified the effect of an estrus synchronization protocol in heifers on parturition chronology and primiparous reproductive performance. 194 Hereford and Braford heifers were divided into 2 groups: Treatment group, submitted to an estrus observation and synchronization to fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) protocol; and Control group, submitted to a conventional artificial insemination (AI) management. All groups were submitted to a bull’s clean-up period. Experiment 2 evaluated the norgestomet (NOR) priming effect, before a fixed-time artificial insemination protocol (FTAI) in heifers, on pregnancy rates, as well as the effects of reproductive related characteristics. 74 Angus and cross-bred heifers, 18 and 24 months old, with 276 kg of body weight, body condition score (BCS) minimum of 3 (1- 5), and ovarian status evaluated by US. Only the 2 or 3 class heifers were used (1-3). Heifers were weighted at 30 days intervals, starting 60 days before the reproductive period. Blood was collected for progesterone assay. Heifers were divided in 2 groups: Treatment group, that received an ear implant with 6 mg of NOR, in the right ear, removing it 14 days after; and Control group, did not receive the implant. Ten days after the implants removal, all heifers were submitted to FTAI protocol, which including a GnRH i.m. injection, 7 days after the prostaglandin (PGF) aplication, and 48 hours later, FTAI and a second GnRH injection. Fourteen days later, started a clean-up period with 2 bulls, for 45 days more. Experiment 3 evaluated the progestin (medroxiprogesterone acetate; MAP) or progesterone suplementation effect, before a FTAI protocol, and evaluated the effects of reproductive associated characteristics in heifers, and feeding managements over pregnancy rates. 102 Angus, cross-bred Angus and Braford heifers, 22-24 months old were used, with an average body weight of 241 kg, and a minimum BCS of 2,5. Heifers were weighted at 30 days intervals, starting 60 days before the breeding period and an ecography was performed to evaluate ovarian status. Fourty five days before the season, heifers were divided into 2 groups. Without Suplementation group, with 27 heifers, only over natural pastures, and With Suplementation group, with 75 heifers receiving suplementation (72% TDN and 15% GP) about 1% body weight. Blood was collected for progesterone assay. Groups were again divided into 3, to receive a progesterone device or an intravaginal MAP sponge, for 10 days. The Control group, not received the treatment. At the implants removal, all heifers received PGF, and 4 days later were submitted to a FTAI protocol, with 2 mg estradiol benzoate with an intravaginal MAP sponge aplication. Seven days later, the sponge was removed, and PGF was injected, with a new EB injection, 24 hours later, and FTAI 52-56 hours after PGF. Estrus was observed from PGF injection to FTAI. A clean-up period started 14 days after with 4 bulls, for more 45 days. Experiment 4 evaluated the gamma-orizanol suplementation effects and other reproductive associated characteristics on fertility of beef heifers. 84 Angus, Angus x Hereford, Hereford and Braford heifers, 24 months old were used, with an average body weight of 283 kg and BCS ≥ 3. Heifers were weighted at 30 days intervals, to register ADG, and blood samples were collected for progesterone assay. Two subcutaneous fat thickness ecographic evaluations were performed at P8 region, with a 30 days interval. Animals were divided into 2 groups: Treatment group, that received 150 ml/day of gammaorizanol with 1 kg of concentrate since 45 days before the reproductive season start ; and Control group, with 150 ml/day of molasses with 1 kg of concentrate during the same period. Estrus control was done twice for day with AI of estrous heifers. Ten days later PGF was applied to all heifers that did not show estrus. The AI management continued for 25 days. In sequence, a clean-up period with 2 bulls was performed for 45 days. Gestational diagnostics by ecography at 30 days after FTAI, and again at 30 days after bulls removal. In experiment 1, pregnancy rates were similar between groups after first reproductive season. However, the repetition of Treatment group was significantly higher. In Experiment 2, were not observed differences between groups in FTAI and final pregnancy rates, without differences for age or ovarian status In Experiment 3, Progesterone group presented the higher estrus rates than Progestin and Control groups. However, were not observed differences in pregnancy rates among the groups. At the same experiment, difference on weights before mating was found between the heifers that became pregnant compared to heifers that stayed non pregnant. Heifers with ovarian status 2 and 3 had higher average weight than heifers with status 1. The suplementation enhanced ADG in the With Suplementation group, but it did not produce differences on pregnancy rates. In Experiment 4, pregnancy rates were similar between groups. Heifers which became pregnant acumulated more fat amount in P8 region, during the treatment period. In conclusion, the first breeding season management with synchronization to FTAI in heifers, since being presented identical final pregnancy rates, produced signifficative differences on pregnancy rates in the second breeding season. The priming with norgestomet did not enhance pregnancy rates in beef heifers, as well the progesterone or progestin primings and the different feeding managements. Heifers with ovarian status 2 and 3, had higher body weights. Gamma-orizanol supplementation did not enhanced pregnancy rates, ADG neither body weight. Heifers that became pregnant, acumulated more fat amount on P8 region before the reproductive season.