Thesis (Ph. D.)--Washington State University, May 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Typescript, etc.

Typescript. / Digitized by Kansas State University Libraries

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1957 W48 / Master of Science

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

These studies were conducted to define calf body shape, to test for relationships between calf shape and sire expected progeny differences for birth weight (BWTEPD) and first-calf calving ease (CEEPD) and to evaluate the efficacy of calf shape as a selection criterion for reduction of calving difficulty. Birth weight (BW), head circumference (HC), hip width (HW), shoulder width, body length (BL), cannon circumference (CC), cannon length (CL) and heart girth (HG) were measured at birth on 1,016 calves sired by Angus, Polled Hereford and Simmental bulls. In the Angus- and Polled Hereford-sired calves, sire effects were present for BW-adjusted residuals of CC. Additionally, HW, BL and HG residuals differed among half-sib groups for the Polled Hereford-sired calves. Thus, calf body measure differences independent of BW were in part attributable to sire. Multivariate factor analysis was used to identify underlying skeletal width and frame dimensions of calf shape in both breeds. After adjustment of body measures for differences in BW, a positive relationship of BWTEPD with HC and CC and a negative relationship between CEEPD and CC existed. Further adjustment for BWTEPD removed effects of CEEPD on CC. Thus, BWTEPD influenced calf shape independent of BW, but shape was not related to CEEPD independent of BWTEPD. Simmental bulls were divergently selected on CEEPD relative to BWTEPD so that body measures of calves from sires whose progeny tended to be born with more or with less dystocia than expected from BWTEPD could be obtained. Differences in CL and CC at constant BW were in part attributable to sire. Underlying shape factors were similar to those of the other breeds. Sire BWTEPD was positively related to CC and HC independent of BW. However, a relationship between body measures and CEEPD existed only at constant BW and BWTEPD. Calf shape independent of BW was also not different among calves born unassisted and assisted. Estimates of heritability, repeatability and birth to weaning relationships for each BW-residual body measure were generally not significant. Overall, sire BWTEPD was related to calf shape independent of BW. However, increases in skeletal dimensions were not related to either observed calving difficulty nor sire CEEPD independent of BW. Selection for reduced calving difficulty should not be based on calf body shape. / Ph. D.

Data for this study was collected over a six-year period (1970 through 1975) on 217 bulls and 211 steers at the Bland Correctional Center, Bland, Virginia. Animals of this study were primarily cross-breds of Angus, Charolais, Hereford, Holstein and Simmental breeds. The objective of this study was to compare bulls and steers for growth and carcass traits. Bulls (220, 310, 449 kg) weighed more than did steers (204, 273, 381 kg) at weaning, 12 and 18 months of age, respectively, (P < .05), and scored higher on condition at weaning and 18 months of age (P< .05). Bulls (501, 281, 0.48 kg) were also heavier than steers (414, 219, 0.39 kg) for live slaughter weight, carcass weight, and carcass weight per day of age, respectively, (P< .05). Bulls and steers did not differ in ribeye area per 100 kg of carcass weight, backfat thickness, and marbling scores. Percent kidney and kidney fat per carcass weight was less in bulls (1.59%) than steers (2.58%) (P < .05). Bull carcasses graded low good whereas steer carcasses graded low to middle good. Armour tenderometer measurements were 8.25 kg and 7.09 kg for bulls and steers, respectively, (P < .05) , with any reading below 8.2 kg being of acceptable tenderness. Carcass yield grades were 1.29 and 1.90 for bulls and steers, respectively, (P < .05). The superior growth rate of bulls and the minimal sex differences in carcass quality renders the present market bias against bull beef questionable. / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-26T13:21:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-03-28Bitstream added on 2015-01-26T13:31:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000802708.pdf: 792571 bytes, checksum: 790670990644774ddc4959f5c4b9fefa (MD5) / Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho, as características da carcaça, o desenvolvimento corporal, as medidas corporais e ultrassônicas de 35 novilhos Nelore, com 18 meses de idade e 397,74 ± 14,07 kg de peso corporal, alimentados com uma dieta com 60% de concentradoe silagem de milho e com óleo de linhaça protegido (OLiP) da degradação ruminal durante 35, 70 ou 105 dias antes do abate, com esse óleo in natura durante 105 dias ou sem adição de óleo (73% de NDT e 2,9% de EE). As dietas com óleo foram isoenergéticas (76% de NDT e 6,1% de EE), sendoque a adição do óleo in natura e protegido foi de 3,4 e 4,5% da MS, respectivamente. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, e os resultados avaliados por modelo misto, sendo os tratamentos comparados por contrastes não ortogonais;as medidas foram correlacionadas às características de carcaça por análise de Pearson. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos para eficiência alimentar (0,132 kg MS ingerida/kg ganho de peso), ganho de peso diário (1,24 kg) e peso corporal final (522,71 ± 27,99 kg), rendimentos da carcaça (57%) e de cortes cárneos totais(68,7%).A adição de óleo de linhaça na dieta aumentou(P<0,05) a ingestão de extrato etéreo; peso da gordura renal-pélvica-inguinal,dos cortescupim, alcatra+maminha, picanha, fraldãoe do retalho gordo; rendimento docupim, alcatra+maminha e do retalho gordo; e diminuiu o crescimento diário e o comprimento dorso-lombar finalem relação ao tratamento sem adição de óleo. Comparado ao óleo de linhaça in natura,o OLiPfornecido durante os 105 dias de confinamento proporcionouaos animais (P<0,05)menor ingestão de extrato etéreo e maior rendimento do lagarto, aumento do crescimento diário e do perímetro torácico final. Os diferentes tempos de fornecimento do OLiP aumentaram (P<0,05) a ingestão de extrato etéreo; alteraram opesodos rins, da gordura ... / The objective was to evaluate the performance, carcass characteristics, body growth, measurements of body and ultrasonic of 35 Nellore steers, with 18 month-old, and 397.74 ± 14.07 kg of body weight fed with 60% concentrated and corn silage and with protected linseed oil (PLO) of rumen degradation during 35, 70 or 105 days before slaughter, with oil in natura during 105 days or with no oil (73% of TDN and 2.9% of EE). The diets with oil were isoenergetic (76% of TDN and 3.1% of EE), whereas the addition of in natura and protected oil was 3.4 and 4.5% of DM, respectively. The experimental design was a randomized block, and the results were evaluated by mixed model and treatments were compared by non orthogonal contrasts. The measures were correlated with carcass traits by Pearson’s analysis. There was no difference between treatments for feed efficiency (0.132 kg DM intake/kg weight gain), daily weight gain (1.24 kg), final body weight (522.71 ± 27.99 kg), yields of carcass (57%) and total meat cuts (68.7%). The addition of linseed oil in the diet increased (P<0.05) the ether extract intake, weights of kidney-pelvic-inguinal fat, hump, top sirloin butt + bottom sirloin butt, inner skirt steak cuts and fat trimmings; the yield of hump, top sirloin butt + bottom sirloin butt and fat trimmings; and decreased daily growth and final width of chest, compared with treatment without oil. Compared to in natura linseed oil, the PLO provided during the 105 days of feedlot caused (P<0.05) lower ether extract intake and an increase in eye of round yield, daily growth and final chest girth. The increasing durations of PLO supplementation increased (P<0.05) ether extract intake; altered the weights of the kidneys, kidney-pelvic-inguinal fat, fat trimmings and bones in the carcass; the yields of eye of round and bones; and the final pelvic contour of animals. With the exception of width of chest, all body ...