Bell's theory of nonlocality in quantum mechanics allows for interesting correlations between separated parties. In this scenario, both parties share a quantum state and measure it to obtain a classical value. Through entanglement, the results of the measurement from one party can affect the results of the other party's measurement. Quantum correlations reflect this idea as a probability distribution p(ab|xy) based on the measurements used (x for Alice and y for Bob) and the respective results obtained (a and b). In this thesis, we introduce an expression that limits what quantum states could be used to generate a given quantum correlation. This, in turn, yields a lower bound on the dimension needed for this quantum state. For a quantum correlation p(ab|xy), the dimension of the quantum state acts as a resource needed to generate it. Thus, having a bound on the dimension helps one to quantify the resources needed to generate a given correlation. In addition to quantum correlations, we adjust the bound to work with classical correlations as well, which are correlations generated using a shared probability distribution instead of a quantum state. We apply our quantum and classical bounds to well-studied correlations to test them based on known results and also generate randomly generated correlations to better understand their behavior. Finally, we report on our numerical findings. / Master of Science / In quantum theory, the state of a quantum object, the simplest known as a qubit, can be manipulated from two or more different physical locations, even when they are not connected through any type of network. This is known as Bell's theory, and it allows for interesting behavior involving two or more separated locations that would not be possible otherwise. However, the minimum amount of resources needed for certain behaviors may be unknown. In this thesis, we present a lower bound on the quantum resources needed in such a scenario. We also apply it to the classical case and test our bounds on well-studied and randomized examples and report on our findings.

Device-independent cryptography provides security in various tasks whilst removing an assumption that cryptographers previously thought of as crucial -- complete trust in the machinations of their experimental apparatus. The theory of Bell inequalities as a proof of indeterminism within nature allows for secure device-independent schemes requiring neither trust in the cryptographers' devices nor reliance on the completeness of quantum mechanics. However, the extreme paranoia attributable to the relaxed assumptions within device independence requires an explicit consideration of the previously assumed ability of the experimenters to freely make random choices. This thesis addresses the so-called `free will loophole', presenting Bell tests and associated cryptographic protocols robust against adversarial manipulation of the random number generators with which measurements in a Bell test are selected. We present several quantitative measures for this experimental free will, otherwise known as measurement dependence. We discuss how an eavesdropper maliciously preprogramming the experimenters' untrusted devices can falsely simulate the violation of a Bell inequality. We also bound the amount of Bell violation achievable within a certain degree of measurement dependence. This analysis extends to device-independent randomness expansion, bounding the guessing probability and estimating the amount of privacy amplification required to distil private randomness. The protocol is secure against either arbitrary no-signalling or quantum adversaries. We also consider device-independent key distribution, studying adversarial models that exploit the free will loophole. Finally, we examine a model correlated between the random number generators and Bell devices across multiple runs of a Bell test. This enables an explicit exposition of the optimal cheating strategy and how the correlations manifest themselves within this strategy. We prove that there remain Bell violations for a sufficiently high, yet non-maximal degree of measurement dependence which cannot be simulated by a classical attack, regardless of how many runs of the experiment those choices are correlated over.

The device-independent (DI) framework is a novel approach to quantum information science which exploits the nonlocality of quantum physics to certify the correct functioning of a quantum information processing task without relying on any assumption on the inner workings of the devices performing the task. This thesis focuses on the device-independent certification and generation of true randomness for cryptographic applications. The existence of such true randomness relies on a fundamental relation between the random character of quantum theory and its nonlocality, which arises in the context of Bell tests. Device-independent randomness generation (DIRG) and quantum key distribution (DIQKD) protocols usually evaluate the produced randomness (as measured by the conditional min-entropy) as a function of the violation of a given Bell inequality. However, the probabilities characterising the measurement outcomes of a Bell test are richer than the degree of violation of a single Bell inequality. In this work we show that a more accurate assessment of the randomness present in nonlocal correlations can be obtained if the value of several Bell expressions is simultaneously taken into account, or if the full set of probabilities characterising the behaviour of the device is considered. As a side result, we show that to every behaviour there corresponds an optimal Bell expression allowing to certify the maximal amount of DI randomness present in the correlations. Based on these results, we introduce a family of protocols for DIRG secure against classical side information that relies on the estimation of an arbitrary number of Bell expressions, or even directly on the experimental frequencies of the measurement outcomes. The family of protocols we propose also allows for the evaluation of randomness from a subset of measurement settings, which can be advantageous when considering correlations for which some measurement settings result in more randomness than others. We provide numerical examples illustrating the advantage of this method for finite data, and show that asymptotically it results in an optimal generation of randomness from experimental data without having to assume beforehand that the devices violate a specific Bell inequality. / L'approche indépendante des appareils ("device-independent" en anglais) est une nouvelle approche en informatique quantique. Cette nouvelle approche exploite la non-localité de la physique quantique afin de certifier le bon fonctionnement d'une tâche sans faire appel à des suppositions sur les appareils menant à bien cette tâche. Cette thèse traite de la certification et la génération d'aléa indépendante des appareils pour des applications cryptographiques. L'existence de cet aléa repose sur une relation fondamentale entre le caractère aléatoire de la théorie quantique et sa non-localité, mise en lumière dans le cadre des tests de Bell. Les protocoles de génération d'aléa et de distribution quantique de clés indépendants des appareils mesurent en général l'aléa produit en fonction de la violation d'une inégalité de Bell donnée. Cependant les probabilités qui caracterisent les résultats de mesures dans un test de Bell sont plus riches que le degré de violation d'une seule inégalité de Bell. Dans ce travail nous montrons qu'une évaluation plus exacte de l'aléa présent dans les corrélations nonlocales peut être faite si l'on tient compte de plusieurs expressions de Bell à la fois ou de l'ensemble des probabilités (ou comportement) caractérisant l'appareil testé. De plus nous montrons qu'à chaque comportement correspond une expression de Bell optimale permettant de certifier la quantité maximale d'aléa présente dans ces corrélations. À partir de ces resultats, nous introduisons une famille de protocoles de génération d'aléa indépendants des appareils, sécurisés contre des adversaires classiques, et reposant sur l'évaluation de l'aléa à partir d'un nombre arbitraire d'expressions de Bell, ou même à partir des fréquences expérimentales des résultats de mesure. Les protocoles proposés permettent aussi d'évaluer l'aléa à partir d'un sous-ensemble de choix de mesure, ce qui peut être avantageux lorsque l'on considère des corrélations pour lesquelles certains choix de mesure produisent plus d'aléa que d'autres. Nous fournissons des exemples numériques illustrant l'avantage de cette méthode pour des données finies et montrons qu'asymptotiquement cette méthode résulte en un taux de génération d'aléa optimal à partir des données expérimentales, sans devoir supposer à priori que l'expérience viole une inégalité de Bell spécifique. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished