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1	The Reichsorchester: a comparison of the Berlin and Vienna philharmonics during the Third Reich Huebel, Sebastian 31 August 2009 (has links) During the time of Nazism, arts and music were severely curtailed by the Nazi machinery. Two of the Reich’s foremost orchestras, the Berlin and the Vienna Philharmonics, were both part of the cultural Gleichschaltung that occurred within the German Reich. Dealing differently with their new patrons, the orchestras developed a mixture of political cooperation, opportunism and opposition. While at times the orchestras attempted to bypass Nazi ideology and policies, such as in the case of the forced layoff of their Jewish members, the high party membership in Vienna in particular underlines how ambivalent reactions and attitudes towards the Hitler regime could be. While both orchestras underwent significant internal structural changes, the history of both philharmonic orchestras resembles one of privileged status and preferential treatment during the Third Reich. philharmonic orchestra Third Reich Nazi Germany music Berlin Vienna culture Gleichschaltung Third Reich Berlin Philharmonic Vienna Philharmonic