Of several potential reagents for the indirect polarographic determination of beryllium, benzoylacetone was found to be the most attractive. A study of the relevant properties of this reagent and of the characteristics of its reaction with beryllium led to the development of a new method for the determination of beryllium with good precision at concentrations as low as 10 p.p.m. and with reasonable precision even at 2 p.p.m. Less than 0.5 mg. of beryllium is required. The method, when preceded by an appropriate mercury-cathode separation, is applicable to the determination of beryllium in copper-base alloys. The application of the method was extended to aluminium-base alloys by the development of an ion-exchange procedure for the separation, with at least 95% efficiency, of beryllium from relatively high concentrations of aluminium. A similar method is applicable to the determination of aluminium, in concentrations down to about 20 p.p.m. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

The fragmentation of a 133 pps beam of 14Be ions at 35 MeV/A on targets of carbon and lead has been used to study the structure of the unbound nucleus 13Be. Neutrons and 12Be reaction products were measured in the DeMoN array and a detector telescope placed at 0° respectively. These coincidence measurements were used to reconstruct the 13Be particles. The beam energy was measured on a particle by particle basis from the time of flight. This was essential for momentum measurements which were made in the reference frame of the projectile. A significant contribution to the experimental background came from reactions in the detector telescope, which had to be subtracted. Relative velocity (arithmetic velocity difference) and invariant mass analyses both signify the existance of significant strength close to the 12Be + n threshold. Simulations including an experimental filter clearly show that this includes strength that is localised below 500 ke V in relative energy. Momentum distributions for 12Be, 10Be, neutrons and the reconstructed 13Be particle in the longitudinal direction have been measured. The 13Be distribution displays evidence for a two component structure. Calculations of the neutron stripping from 14Be have shown that this structure requires s-wave stripping to explain the narrow component. The wider component is consistent with d- wave stripping, and additional contributions from p-wave stripping cannot be excluded. The angular distribution of neutrons from 12Be + n breakup, measured in the 13Be reference frame is essentially isotropic. There is evidence for a weak asymmetry which could be due to broad over-lapping states of both positive and negative parity at energies below 2 MeV. This would support the inclusion of a P½ resonance in the low-lying structure of 13Be.

Background: Nuclear and conventional weapons industry workers are at risk for exposures to beryllium, asbestos, high explosives and barium, all of which are implicated in the pathogenesis of pneumoconiosis. Beryllium has also been shown to cause sensitization (BeS) carrying a risk of progression to Chronic Beryllium Lung Disease (CBD). Data are lacking on the epidemiology of beryllium related health effects in conventional munitions workers and limited studies have been published on the prevalence of BeS in workers with minimal exposure. Data on the prevalence of pneumoconiosis in nuclear weapons workers is also lacking. The main objectives of this study were to determine prevalence and risk factors for beryllium sensitization in former nuclear and conventional munitions workers and rates of and risk factors for pneumoconiosis in former nuclear weapons workers, both cohorts from the Iowa Army Ammunition Plant (IAAAP) in Burlington, IA. Methods: Former nuclear weapons workers were offered chest x-ray (CXR) and blood screening for sensitization with beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT) as part of the Department of Energy (DoE) Former Worker Medical Screening Program. Conventional munitions workers were offered BeLPT and clinical follow-up if sensitized, as part of a Department of Defense (DOD) funded study. Chest x-rays were reviewed by three readers according to the International Labour Organization's Classification system for Radiographs for Pneumoconioses (ILO system). Exposures under study were characterized qualitatively by the industrial hygiene team and based on former worker interviews and historical industrial hygiene records. Results: The prevalence of beryllium sensitization in nuclear and conventional munitions workers was found to be slightly higher than in other workforces and weapons worker populations at low risk for exposure. The prevalence of parenchymal disease was higher in these nuclear weapons workers than in other DoE studies, while the prevalence of coincident parenchymal and pleural and isolated pleural disease was lower than in other nuclear weapons populations. Workers who occasionally dressed the copper-beryllium alloy tools were found to have an increased risk of beryllium sensitization, compared to those in administrative or other jobs with insignificant potential for exposure on site. Exposure to beryllium, asbestos, high explosives or barium was not associated with lung disease in this population. Conclusions: The findings from this study have potential policy implications for DOE and DOD to extend or implement beryllium surveillance and lung disease screening for their workforces and better control use of the copper-beryllium alloy tools in their production processes.

No description available.

A retrospective mortality and cancer incidence study of former nuclear weapons assemblers from the Iowa Army Ammunitions Plant was conducted. This study examined whether or not workers at the plant exhibited higher rates of mortality or cancer as a result of their work-related activities. Potential exposures included radiation, beryllium, asbestos, and solvents. Cancer incidence was determined by calculating standardized incidence ratios (SIR) and using the Iowa population as reference. SIRs were calculated on 3,889 workers from1969-2005. Overall and cause-specific mortality was determined by calculating standardized mortality ratios (SMR) and using the U.S. and Iowa populations as reference. SMRs were calculated on 5,743 workers from 1947-2005. The SIR results showed that overall cancer incidence was lower than the Iowa population. Using the Iowa population as reference, the SMR analyses for men demonstrated excesses for all cancers (SMR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02-1.17), lung cancer (SMR 1.38, 95% CI 1.24-1.54), diseases of the respiratory system (SMR 1.15, 95% CI 1.03-1.46), mesothelioma (SMR 6.20, 95 % 1.28-18.1), asbestosis (SMR 9.28, 95% CI 1.12-33.5) and COPD (SMR 1.27, 95% CI 1.10-1.46). Significantly lower SMRs were observed stomach cancer and ischemic heart disease. For women excesses were observed for all cancers (SMR 1.41, 95% CI 1.17-1.69), lung cancer (SMR 2.47, 95% CI 1.72-3.44), ischemic heart disease (SMR 1.32, 95% CI 1.09-1.58), respiratory diseases (SMR 1.59, 95% CI 1.14-2.16), and COPD (SMR 2.47, 95% CI 1.60-3.65). Using the U.S. population, men experienced lower overall mortality while women had significantly higher overall mortality. In conclusion, the SIR portion of the study showed overall lower cancer incidence for both men and women. This may be due to the Healthy Worker Effect and the limited dates of study. There are no cancer registry data before 1969 thus missing cancers with short induction periods. Workers may have also moved out of the Iowa and had a cancer diagnosis in another state. Compared to Iowa population, there was an excess of respiratory disease deaths and deaths from lung cancer in both men and women. Considering the significant respiratory exposures workers may have experienced, further study with a nested case-control design is suggested.

The present work is divided into two parts, the first of which is concerned with the synthesis and reactivity of carbene-stabilized gallium compounds. The second part of this thesis adresses the synthesis of novel, beryllium-containing compounds, whereby, in addition to investigations into new structural motifs of linear, sp-hybridized beryllium compounds, the stabilization of low valent beryllium complexes by the use of carbene ligands is a central part of this thesis. 1 Lewis-base-stabilized gallium compounds In this chapter, two different synthetic routes towards carbene stabilized, low-valent gallium compounds were investigated. By the use of CAAC ligands, four different [GaCl3(RCAAC)]-species (R = Me, Cy, Et, Menth) were realized, and investigated in terms of their reactivity towards reducing agents. However, all experimental approaches led to either decomposition products or renewed isolation of the starting materials and the synthesis of dinuclear gallium compounds via reductive coupling of two CAAC-Ga fragments was found not to be feasible. A different approach towards low-valent gallium compounds was the chemical reduction of Lewis-base-stabilized digallanes(4), in which the two gallium atoms are already connected via a σ bond. The synthesis of such compounds by reaction of either the subhalide ´GaI` or the mixed-valent salt [Ga]+[GaCl4]– with two equivalents of the free MeCAAC did not afford the double Lewis-base-stabilized [Ga2X4(MeCAAC)2] species (X = I, Cl). However, [Ga2Cl4(MeCAAC)2] was accessible through ligand exchange reaction of [Ga2Cl4(1,4-dioxane)2] with two equivalents of MeCAAC, due to the relatively weakly-coordinating nature of 1,4-dioxane. In an analogous fashion, three additional Lewis-base-stabilized digallanes(4) could be realized when the carbenes CyCAAC, SIDep und IDipp were used. The reactivity of the Lewis-base-stabilized digalliumtetrachlorides was tested towards different reducing agents. However, none of the reactions led to a distinct product formation and the synthesis of neutral, Ga-Ga multiple bond systems could not be realized in this manner. However, treatment of [Ga2Cl4(MeCAAC)2] with two equivalents of 1,3,2 diazaborolyllithium induced Ga-Ga bond cleavage and [GaCl2{B(NDippCH)2}(MeCAAC)] was isolated as the only boron-containing compound. The halide exchange reactions of the double Lewis-base adducts of digalliumtetrachloride were also investigated. Treatment of [Ga2Cl4(MeCAAC)2] and [Ga2Cl4(CyCAAC)2] with 1.3 molar equivalents of either BBr3 or BI3, well established reagents for halide exchange at other Group 13 elements, yielded the corresponding [Ga2X4(MeCAAC)2] (X = Br, I ) and [Ga2X4(CyCAAC)2] (X = Br, I), with retention of the carbene ligands. Also, the reaction of [Ga2Br4(CyCAAC)2] with BI3 afforded the fully iodinated species. In contrast to the MeCAAC-stabilized compounds, which feature extreme insolubility in common organic solvents, the CyCAAC-stabilized compounds could be characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. 2 Lewis-base-stabilized beryllium compounds The reaction of BeCl2 with two equivalents 1,3,2-diazaborolyllithium provided the homoleptic, linear Be{B(NDippCH)2}2. In its 9Be NMR spectrum, the compound shows a chemical shift of δ = 45 ppm, significantly outside the normal range of two-coordinate beryllium compounds. The electrophilic nature of the beryllium center in Be{B(NDippCH)2}2 was calculated by quantum chemical calculations and demonstrated by its reactivity towards different substrates: methanolysis of Be{B(NDippCH)2}2 induced a Be-B bond cleavage, and, along with insoluble materials presumed to be the polymeric beryllium methanolate, cleanly afforded the protonated 1,3,2 diazaborole. The use of deuterated MeOD in the reaction confirmed methanol as the proton source. Treatment of Be{B(NDippCH)2}2 with one equivalent of the small carbene IMe effected addition at the beryllium center to yield the trigonal mixed Lewis-base adduct. The heteroleptic BeCl{B(NDippCH)2} could not be synthesized by the reaction of BeCl2 with equimolar amounts of 1,3,2-diazaborolyllithium. Therefore, [BeClCp*] was used as starting material for the synthesis of novel, heteroleptic sp-hybridized beryllium species. Treatment of [BeClCp*] with various NHCs did not lead to the expected adduct formation, but yielded, only in the case of IiPr, the metallocene [BeCp*2] and the double Lewis-base adduct [BeCl2(IiPr)2] in a ligand exchange reaction. The reaction of [BeClCp*] with equimolar amounts of 1,3,2 diazaborolyllithium formed the linear coordinated [BeCp*{B(NDippCH)2}] in a salt elimination reaction. A central part of this work was the monomerization of BeCl2 by the use of CAAC ligands. Four differerent [BeCl2(RCAAC)] species (R = Me, Cy, Et, Menth) were synthesized via reaction of the corresponding free carbenes and BeCl2. Furthermore, the reactivity of these kinds of compounds towards different substrates was investigated. Treatment of [BeCl2(MeCAAC)] with equimolar amounts of 1,3,2-diazaborolyllithium afforded the trigonal mixed Lewis-base adduct [BeCl{B(NDippCH)2}(MeCAAC)] in a salt elimination reaction. This compound showed limited stability under reduced pressure, in solution as well as in the solid state, and subsequently formed the protonated 1,3,2 diazaborole and a beryllium containing compound that could not be further identified. The reaction of [BeCl2(MeCAAC)] with Bogdanović-Magnesium ([Mg(C14H10)(thf)3]) provided the CAAC-stabilized berylliumanthracendiyl [Be(C14H10)(MeCAAC)], which was isolated as a red solid. The mechanism of this reaction might be described as a nucleophilic addition of the dianionic anthracene unit to the beryllium center with concomitant loss of MgCl2. [Be(C14H10)(MeCAAC)] shows structural similarities to the magnesium containing species [Mg(C14H10)(thf)3], as both compounds show a non-planar anthracene moiety in their solid-state structures, due to the loss of aromaticity of the substituent. None of the attempts to chemically reduce the various [BeCl2(RCAAC)] compounds with a range of one-electron reducing agents afforded a selective reaction product, and either decomposition products or starting materials were isolated. However, treatment of the Lewis-base adducts [BeCl2(MeCAAC)] and [BeCl2(CyCAAC)] with potassium graphite in the presence of an additional equivalent of RCAAC (R = Me, Cy) yielded the homoleptic and heteroleptic compounds [Be(CyCAAC)2], [Be(MeCAAC)2] and [Be(MeCAAC)(CyCAAC)]. The solid-state structures of the double Lewis-base stabilized beryllium compounds show linear geometries around the beryllium center and significant differences to their beryllium-containing starting materials. A contraction of the Be1-C1 bonds as well as an elongation of the ligand-centered C1-N1 bonds was observed, indicative of strong Be-C bonding. Whereas the beryllium atom is usually found in its +II oxidation state, the central atom in the linear [Be(CAAC)] compounds is formally in its elemental form. Therefore, these compounds represent the first neutral complexes with a formally zerovalent CAAC-stabilized s-block element. The unusual electronic structure of these compounds is emphasized by their deep violet color (λmax (THF) = 575/579 nm). Quantum chemical calculations describe the bonding situation in [Be(CAAC)2] with a combination of donor-acceptor interactions between two ground-state singlet CAAC ligands and Be(0) in a 1s22s02p2 electronic configuration, resulting in a 3c 2e− π bond stretching over the C Be C core. Furthermore, the stabilization arising from π backdonation from Be to the CAAC ligands was found to significantly predominate over that from σ-donation from CAAC to the beryllium center. The NHC-stabilized compounds [Be(IDipp)2] and [Be(IDipp)(IMes)] and the mixed NHC/CAAC-stabilized species [Be(MeCAAC)(NHC)] (NHC = IDipp, IMes, SIDep) could not be synthesized. This might be explained by the different electronic properties of the carbenes. On the one hand, the π-accepting abilities of the NHCs are likely insufficient to form a 3c 2e− π bond. On the other hand, the stability of the mixed CAAC/NHC stabilized Be(0) compounds might not be sufficient due to differences in the σ-donating and π accepting properties of the ligands, which limits the formation of a symmetrical 3c 2e− π bond across the C-Be-C unit. / Die vorliegende Arbeit ist in zwei Abschnitte gegliedert und befasst sich im ersten Teil mit der Darstellung und Reaktivität neuartiger, Carben-stabilisierter Galliumverbindungen. Der zweite Teil wurde den Untersuchungen zur Darstellung von berylliumhaltigen Verbindungen gewidmet, wobei, neben der Synthese von neuartigen, monomeren, sp-hybridisierten Berylliumverbindungen, die Stabilisierung niedervalenter Berylliumverbindungen durch die Verwendung von Carbenen einen zentralen Teil der Arbeit darstellt. 1 Lewis-Basen-stabilisierte Galliumverbindungen Zur Darstellung von Carben-stabilisierten, niedervalenten Galliumverbindungen wurden zwei unterschiedliche Syntheserouten herangezogen. Dabei konnten zum einen vier [GaCl3(RCAAC)]-Spezies (R = Me, Cy, Et, Menth) dargestellt werden, deren Verhalten unter reduktiven Bedingungen untersucht wurde. Jedoch führte keiner der Versuche zur chemischen Reduktion dieser Systeme zu einheitlichen Produkten und die Darstellung von dinuklearen Galliumverbindungen durch eine reduktive Kupplung zweier CAAC-Ga-Fragmente war auf diesem Weg nicht realisierbar. Ein weiterer Ansatz zur Darstellung von niedervalenten Digalliumverbindungen war die Reduktion Lewis-Basen-stabilisierter Digallan(4)-Verbindungen, bei welchen die beiden Galliumatome bereits über eine σ Einfachbindung verknüpft vorliegen. Die Synthese solcher Verbindungen durch die direkte Umsetzung des Galliumsubhalogenids ´GaI` bzw. des gemischt-valenten Salzes [Ga]+[GaCl4]– mit zwei Äquivalenten des freien Carbens MeCAAC führte nicht zu den doppelt Carben stabilisierten [Ga2X4(MeCAAC)2]-Spezies (X = I, Cl). Jedoch konnte [Ga2Cl4(MeCAAC)2] ausgehend von [Ga2Cl4(1,4 Dioxan)2], auf Basis der relativ schwach koordinierenden 1,4-Dioxan-Liganden, mittels Ligandaustauschreaktion dargestellt werden. In analoger Weise waren drei zusätzliche Vertreter realisierbar, wobei die Carbene CyCAAC, SIDep und IDipp verwendet wurden. Die Reaktivität der Lewis-Basen-stabilisierten Digalliumtetrachloride wurde gegenüber unterschiedlicher Reduktionsmittel getestet, wobei bei keiner der Umsetzungen ein einheitliches Produkt isoliert werden konnte. Die Darstellung von neutralen, Ga-Ga-Mehrfachbindungssystemen war folglich auf diese Weise nicht möglich. Die Umsetzung von [Ga2Cl4(MeCAAC)2] mit zwei Äquivalenten 1,3,2-Diazaborolyllithium führte zu einem Ga-Ga-Bindungsbruch und [GaCl2{B(NDippCH)2}(MeCAAC)] konnte als einziges Bor-haltiges Produkt isoliert werden. Ein weiterer zentraler Bestandteil dieser Arbeit beschreibt die Halogenaustauschreaktionen der doppelt Lewis-Basen-stabilisierten Digalliumtetrachloride. Die Verbindungen [Ga2Cl4(MeCAAC)2] und [Ga2Cl4(CyCAAC)2] wurden jeweils mit BBr3 oder BI3 umgesetzt, welche gängigerweise zum Halogenaustausch weiterer Gruppe-13-Verbindungen eingesetzt werden. Alle Reaktionen führten zu einem vollständigen Halogenaustausch der Digalliumtetrachloride unter Retention der Liganden und die Produkte [Ga2X4(MeCAAC)2] (X = Br, I) und [Ga2X4(CyCAAC)2] (X = Br, I) konnten isoliert werden. Auch die Umsetzung von [Ga2Br4(CyCAAC)2] mit BI3 lieferte die iodierte Spezies. Die CyCAAC-stabilisierten Vertreter weisen im Gegensatz zu den MeCAAC-stabilisierten Spezies eine bessere Löslichkeit in gängigen organischen Lösungsmitteln auf und konnten anhand von NMR-spektroskopischen Methoden charakterisiert werden. 2 Lewis-Basen-stabilisierte Berylliumverbindungen Durch die Umsetzung von BeCl2 mit zwei Äquivalenten 1,3,2-Diazaborolyllithium konnte das homoleptisch substituierte, lineare Be{B(NDippCH)2}2 dargestellt werden. Dieses zeigt im 9Be NMR-Spektrum eine Resonanz bei δ = 45 ppm, welche im Vergleich zu anderen linear-koordinierten Berylliumverbindungen weit zu tiefem Feld verschoben ist und bis dato das erste Beispiel dieses Frequenzbereichs darstellt. Der elektrophile Charakter des Berylliumatoms in Be{B(NDippCH)2}2 wurde anhand quantenchemischer Rechnungen postuliert und durch die Reaktivität der Verbindung gegenüber unterschiedlichen Substraten bestätigt. Die Methanolyse von Be{B(NDippCH)2}2 führt zu einem Be-B Bindungsbruch und neben dem, in gängigen Lösungsmitteln unlöslichen, Feststoff (Ben(OMe)m), wurde das protonierte 1,3,2 Diazaborol isoliert. Anhand von Deuterierungsexperimenten konnte Methanol als Protonenquelle identifiziert werden. Die Reaktion mit äquimolaren Mengen IMe lieferte ein trigonal planares Lewis-Basenaddukt. Durch die Umsetzung von BeCl2 mit stöchiometrischen Mengen des 1,3,2 Diazaborolyllithiums konnte die einfach borylierte Verbindung BeCl{B(NDippCH)2} nicht realisiert werden. Um heteroleptisch substituierte, lineare Berylliumverbindungen darzustellen, wurde [BeClCp*] als Edukt eingesetzt. Die Umsetzung mit NHCs führte lediglich im Fall des sterisch weniger anspruchsvollen IiPr zu einer Reaktion, welche nicht unter Adduktbildung verlief, sondern unter Ligandaustausch [BeCp*2] und das zweifach IiPr-stabilisierte Berylliumdichlorid lieferte. Die Umsetzung von [BeClCp*] mit äquimolaren Mengen 1,3,2 Diazaborolyllithium verlief in einer Salzeliminierung und das linear koordinierte [BeCp*{B(NDippCH)2}] wurde isoliert. Ein zentraler Bestandteil dieser Arbeit war die Monomerisierung von BeCl2 durch die Verwendung von CAAC-Liganden. Vier unterschiedlich substituierte Vertreter dieser [BeCl2(RCAAC)]-Spezies (R = Me, Cy, Et, Menth) konnten durch Umsetzung von BeCl2 mit dem entsprechenden freien Carben realisiert werden. Weiterhin erfolgte eine Untersuchung dieser Verbindungen gegenüber unterschiedlicher Substrate. Die Reaktion von [BeCl2(MeCAAC)] mit 1,3,2-Diazaborolyllithium verlief in einer Salzeliminierungsreaktion zu dem verzerrt trigonal planar koordinierten [BeCl{B(NDippCH)2}(MeCAAC)]. Die Verbindung konnte als Feststoff isoliert werden, wies jedoch eine limitierte Stabilität auf und zerfiel, sowohl in Lösung als auch in fester Form, unter Vakuum in das protonierte 1,3,2-Diazaborol und eine berylliumhaltige Verbindung, dessen Struktur nicht aufgeklärt werden konnte. Bei der Umsetzung von [BeCl2(MeCAAC)] mit Bogdanović-Magnesium ([Mg(C14H10)(thf)3]) konnte das CAAC-stabilisierte Berylliumanthracendiyl [Be(C14H10)(MeCAAC)] als roter, kristalliner Feststoff isoliert werden. Der Reaktionsmechanismus dieser Umsetzung ist bislang nicht vollständig geklärt, jedoch wird eine nukleophile Addition des Dianions des Anthracens an das Berylliumzentrum postuliert, welche eine Salzeliminierung zur Folge hat. Die Verbindung weist strukturelle Ähnlichkeiten zu der Magnesium-haltigen Spezies im Festkörper auf und für beide Verbindungen wird, durch den Verlust der Aromatizität des Anthracenylsubstituenten, eine Aufhebung der Planarität des Ringsystems beobachtet. Versuche zur Reduktion der unterschiedlich substituierten [BeCl2(RCAAC)]-Verbindungen mit einer Reihe an Einelektronen-Reduktionsmitteln führten nicht zum Erfolg und es konnte in keinem der Fälle ein einheitliches Produkt isoliert werden. Hingegen lieferte die Reaktion der Lewis-Basenaddukte [BeCl2(MeCAAC)] und [BeCl2(CyCAAC)] mit Kaliumgraphit und einem zusätzlichen Äquivalent RCAAC (R = Me, Cy) die homoleptisch- und heteroleptisch-substituierten Verbindungen [Be(CyCAAC)2], [Be(MeCAAC)2] und [Be(MeCAAC)(CyCAAC)]. Die Festkörperstrukturen der doppelt Lewis-Basen-stabilisierten Berylliumverbindungen zeigen deutliche Unterschiede zu denen der Edukte. Sowohl eine Kontraktion der Be1-C1-Bindungslängen, als auch eine Verlängerung der ligandzentrierten C1-N1-Bindungslängen ist zu beobachten, womit die Be-C-Bindungen der [BeL2] Verbindungen mit einem partiellen Doppelbindungscharakter beschrieben werden können. Im Gegensatz zu anderen, zweifach koordinierten Berylliumverbindungen, welche gewöhnlich in der formalen Oxidationsstufe +II vorliegen, wird in [Be(CAAC)2] das Berylliumatom formal in seiner elementaren Form stabilisiert. Die Verbindungen stellen somit bis dato die ersten neutralen Komplexe dar, bei welchen ein s-Block-Element in der formalen Oxidationsstufe 0 stabilisiert wird. Die ungewöhnliche elekronische Struktur dieser Spezies wird bereits an der tief-violetten Färbung der Verbindungen deutlich (λmax (THF) = 575/579 nm). Quantenmechanische Berechnungen beschreiben die Bindungssituation in [Be(CAAC)2] mit einer Kombination aus Donor-Akzeptor-Wechselwirkungen zwischen zwei CAAC-Liganden im Singulett-Grundzustand und einem neutralen Be(0) im doppelt angeregten Zustand (1s22s02p2). Daraus resultiert eine 3c-2e−-π-Bindung, welche sich über den CCarben Be CCarben-Kern erstreckt und im Vergleich zur σ Hinbindung einen größeren Anteil zur Stabilisierung des Systems beiträgt. Die analogen NHC-stabilisierten Vertreter [Be(IDipp)2] bzw. [Be(IDipp)(IMes)] als auch die heteroleptisch substituierten Spezies [Be(MeCAAC)(NHC)] (NHC = IDipp, IMes, SIDep) konnten nicht realisiert werden. Eine Erklärung hierfür könnten die elektronischen Unterschiede der Carbene liefern. Zum einen reicht vermutlich die Akzeptorfähigkeit der NHCs nicht aus, um eine 3c-2e−-π-Bindung auszubilden und zum anderen ist auch die Stabilität von gemischten CAAC/NHC-stabilisierten Be(0)-Komplexen nicht gegeben, wenn durch die unterschiedliche σ-Donor bzw. π-Akzeptorfähigkeit der Liganden keine symmetrische π-Bindung ausgebildet werden kann.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2007. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 145 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 142-145).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1996. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 205-212). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1996. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. [139]-156).