This study gives insight to the origin of pollution in the water resources of the Limpopo province of South Africa. The Limpopo province is the largest rural province in South Africa. Up to 40% of the total population does not have access to sufficient water supply, resulting in adverse health effects. The purpose of this study is to determine (1) the degree of inorganic pollution of borehole water; (2) to identify the pollution sources, and (3) to determine whether the pollution is inherited from the surface water that recharges the groundwater or is caused on site near the bore holes. In order to achieve these objectives, surface water quality data (14 675 samples) and borehole water data (340 samples) at health facilities were analysed. A pollution index, defined by the following ratio: Pollution index (%) = 100 x ([Cl–] + 2[SO4^-2] + [NO3-] + 3[PO4^-3]) ÷ ([Cl-] + 2SO4^-2 + [NO3-] + [PO4^-3] + [HCO3-]) was used to determine the percentage of contribution of each chemical species towards pollution. This ratio is based on the fact that bicarbonate is released during chemical weathering of rocks whereas sulphate, nitrate, chloride, and phosphate are anthropogenic in origin. The pollution index shows that 6% of the surface waters and 21% of the borehole water is severely polluted. The pollution of the surface water is characterized by high concentrations of sulphate whereas the pollution of the borehole water is characterized by high concentrations of chloride. This indicates that the pollution of the borehole water is not so much the result of the infiltration of polluted surface water, but rather the result of on–site pollution on the surface near the bore holes. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Geography and Environmental Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

This study gives insight to the origin of pollution in the water resources of the Limpopo province of South Africa. The Limpopo province is the largest rural province in South Africa. Up to 40% of the total population does not have access to sufficient water supply, resulting in adverse health effects. The purpose of this study is to determine (1) the degree of inorganic pollution of borehole water; (2) to identify the pollution sources, and (3) to determine whether the pollution is inherited from the surface water that recharges the groundwater or is caused on site near the bore holes. In order to achieve these objectives, surface water quality data (14 675 samples) and borehole water data (340 samples) at health facilities were analysed. A pollution index, defined by the following ratio: Pollution index (%) = 100 x ([Cl–] + 2[SO4^-2] + [NO3-] + 3[PO4^-3]) ÷ ([Cl-] + 2SO4^-2 + [NO3-] + [PO4^-3] + [HCO3-]) was used to determine the percentage of contribution of each chemical species towards pollution. This ratio is based on the fact that bicarbonate is released during chemical weathering of rocks whereas sulphate, nitrate, chloride, and phosphate are anthropogenic in origin. The pollution index shows that 6% of the surface waters and 21% of the borehole water is severely polluted. The pollution of the surface water is characterized by high concentrations of sulphate whereas the pollution of the borehole water is characterized by high concentrations of chloride. This indicates that the pollution of the borehole water is not so much the result of the infiltration of polluted surface water, but rather the result of on–site pollution on the surface near the bore holes. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Geography and Environmental Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Since the start of the space race in the 1950‟s the outer space environment has significantly changed due to human expansion and the subsequent by-products known as outer space pollution/debris. As outer space rapidly evolved from a military high-ground into a commercialised asset exploited by private and state owned enterprises, the treaties negotiated in the 1960‟s and 1970‟s quickly became out-dated. As a result outer space, especially the orbits around the Earth are occupied by countless masses of non-functional manmade objects, some expected to remain for millions of years. This dissertation argues that the current national and international legal framework will be inadequate to address the problem of outer space pollution and that legal and political action will be necessary on a global scale. With the planned developments as set out in the National Space Policy, South Africa is set on becoming a leading provider of outer space services on the African continent and will, as a consequence, have a progressively bigger impact on the outer space environment. With a growing dependence on outer space technologies, developed and developing economies around the world cannot ignore the immense negative consequences that outer space debris could pose to their development. This study will thus, by examining the international and national legal framework regarding outer space pollution, provide legal recommendations pertaining to the principles and obligations that the South African legal framework will have to make provision for, in order to minimise the negative effect on the outer space environment. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Since the start of the space race in the 1950‟s the outer space environment has significantly changed due to human expansion and the subsequent by-products known as outer space pollution/debris. As outer space rapidly evolved from a military high-ground into a commercialised asset exploited by private and state owned enterprises, the treaties negotiated in the 1960‟s and 1970‟s quickly became out-dated. As a result outer space, especially the orbits around the Earth are occupied by countless masses of non-functional manmade objects, some expected to remain for millions of years. This dissertation argues that the current national and international legal framework will be inadequate to address the problem of outer space pollution and that legal and political action will be necessary on a global scale. With the planned developments as set out in the National Space Policy, South Africa is set on becoming a leading provider of outer space services on the African continent and will, as a consequence, have a progressively bigger impact on the outer space environment. With a growing dependence on outer space technologies, developed and developing economies around the world cannot ignore the immense negative consequences that outer space debris could pose to their development. This study will thus, by examining the international and national legal framework regarding outer space pollution, provide legal recommendations pertaining to the principles and obligations that the South African legal framework will have to make provision for, in order to minimise the negative effect on the outer space environment. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Text in Afrikaans / This research deals with the artist's contribution towards the current process of ecological purification through which mankind's attention are brought to the destructive maintenance of the planet. The alchemical artist uses purification as a means to make social comments on the lifestyle of the contemporary person, through the aestheticism of objects. The different manifestations of ceo-feministic thought within environmental activism are explored to make the reader aware of the diversity of ceo-feministic thought. Eco-feminism in general, tries to promote the importance of the earth as a life supporting system by respecting her needs, cycles, energies and eco-systems. As a result of this process, the public are invited to take part in recycle-art through which a change in attitude towards purification and the survival of the planet, are being accomplished / Art History, Visual Arts & Musicology / M.A. (Visual Arts)

Text in Afrikaans / This research deals with the artist's contribution towards the current process of ecological purification through which mankind's attention are brought to the destructive maintenance of the planet. The alchemical artist uses purification as a means to make social comments on the lifestyle of the contemporary person, through the aestheticism of objects. The different manifestations of ceo-feministic thought within environmental activism are explored to make the reader aware of the diversity of ceo-feministic thought. Eco-feminism in general, tries to promote the importance of the earth as a life supporting system by respecting her needs, cycles, energies and eco-systems. As a result of this process, the public are invited to take part in recycle-art through which a change in attitude towards purification and the survival of the planet, are being accomplished / Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology / M.A. (Visual Arts)

The South African coastal and marine environment is an essential ecologic and economic asset. Its associated services and products are substantially contributing to economic growth and sustainable development of the country. However, it is internationally and nationally recognised that land-based marine pollution (LBMP) is the most important single risk to the health and sustainability of coastal and marine waters and the associated ecosystems. The regulation of LBMP at the national level is still difficult and challenging. The issue of LBMP management has only recently been introduced in South Africa with the development of the National Programme of Action to Protect Marine Environment from Land-based Activities, 2008. South Africa is only starting to consider the question of LBMP regulation. This thesis aims to conduct a critical analysis of the South African regulatory framework pertaining to LBMP in comparison to international best practice and the French regulatory framework, in order to identify the key South African challenges in this regard and to make recommendations to address them. In order to do so, this research commences by providing an analysis of LBMP and the theoretical foundations associated with LBMP regulation, as promoted by international best practice. The study identifies and assesses the main regulatory features to be considered in the development, implementation and/or assessment of a regulatory framework pertaining to LBMP. These features will form the methodological framework to conduct the comparative legal assessment between the French and South African regulatory frameworks pertaining to LBMP. This thesis then provides a detailed and thorough legal analysis of the French and South African regulatory frameworks pertaining to LBMP using the methodological framework developed using guidance from international best practice. Finally, based on lessons learnt from the comparative legal study, this study concludes with a set of recommendations for the South African context. / Thesis (LL.D.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The South African coastal and marine environment is an essential ecologic and economic asset. Its associated services and products are substantially contributing to economic growth and sustainable development of the country. However, it is internationally and nationally recognised that land-based marine pollution (LBMP) is the most important single risk to the health and sustainability of coastal and marine waters and the associated ecosystems. The regulation of LBMP at the national level is still difficult and challenging. The issue of LBMP management has only recently been introduced in South Africa with the development of the National Programme of Action to Protect Marine Environment from Land-based Activities, 2008. South Africa is only starting to consider the question of LBMP regulation. This thesis aims to conduct a critical analysis of the South African regulatory framework pertaining to LBMP in comparison to international best practice and the French regulatory framework, in order to identify the key South African challenges in this regard and to make recommendations to address them. In order to do so, this research commences by providing an analysis of LBMP and the theoretical foundations associated with LBMP regulation, as promoted by international best practice. The study identifies and assesses the main regulatory features to be considered in the development, implementation and/or assessment of a regulatory framework pertaining to LBMP. These features will form the methodological framework to conduct the comparative legal assessment between the French and South African regulatory frameworks pertaining to LBMP. This thesis then provides a detailed and thorough legal analysis of the French and South African regulatory frameworks pertaining to LBMP using the methodological framework developed using guidance from international best practice. Finally, based on lessons learnt from the comparative legal study, this study concludes with a set of recommendations for the South African context. / Thesis (LL.D.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.