Biologiškai skaidžių atliekų kompostavimui didelę įtaką turi anglies ir azoto santykis, priklausantis nuo kompostuojamų medžiagų rūšies. Kokybiškam kompostui pagaminti būtinos trys pagrindinės fazės: temperatūros kilimo, aukštos temperatūros ir temperatūros kritimo. Oro temperatūra buvo palanki kompostavimo procesui – vidutinė mėnesio temperatūra buvo aukštesnė arba artima daugemiačiams vidurkiams, o kritulių kiekis kompostavimo metu buvo permainingas. Komposto temperatūra priklausė nuo kompostavimo procesui būdingos fazės ir matavimo vietos – aukščiausia temperatūra (nuo 63 iki 82oC) nustatyta termofilinio proceso metu aukščiausios komposto vietos giliuosiuose sluoksniuose. Rūgštingumas komposto krūvoje kito nuo neutralaus (pH 7) kompostavimo pradžioje, termofilinės kompostavimo fazės metu tapo šarminės reakcijos (pH 8,0–8,3), temperatūros kritimo fazėje komposto rūgštingumas mažėjo iki neutralių reikšmių (pH 7,0–7,1). Optimalus kompostavimui drėgnumas (50–60%) buvo pasiektas trečią kompostavimo savaitę. Kompostavimo aikštelėse gaminant kompostą po atviru dangumi būtina atsižvelgti į meteorologines sąlygas, kurias vertinant galima parinkti tinkamą komposto krūvos vartymo dažnumą bei dirbtinio laistymo poreikį. / The carbon to nitrogen ratio, depending on the type of compostable materials, has a great impact on the composting of biodegradable waste. The three main phases necessary for obtaining the high-quality compost: temperature rise, high temperature and temperature drop. The air temperature was favourable to the composting process – the average monthly temperature was above or close to the multi-annual average, and the rainfall has been erratic during composting. The compost temperature depended on the phase and the measurement location characterized by the composting process – the highest temperature (from 63 to 82 °C) was determined during the thermophilic process in the deep layers of the highest composting place. The acidity of the compost pile varied from neutral (pH 7) at the beginning of composting, became alkaline (pH 8,0–8,3) during the thermophilic composting phase, the compost acidity decreased to neutral values (pH 7,0–7,1) during the temperature drop phase. The optimum composting humidity (50–60%) was achieved on the third week of composting. When the compost is produced in the open air composting sites, it is necessary to take account of the meteorological conditions. According to these evaluated conditions, the proper moving procedure frequency and the need for artificial irrigation can be selected for the compost pile.

Theoretical part of present study gives a comprehensive overview of the methods used for the disposal of biodegradable waste with emphasis placed on highly effective techniques. Composting process is studied in detail and machinery used is thoroughly described. Acquired information from extensive research was applied to create a model of composting plant. Operation manual for this specific model forms part of the study. Afterwards various decomposing scenarios are analyzed and their economic sustainability is evaluated.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:49:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1556222 bytes, checksum: ff5f5ab067a6252f9aef5be2f52b8e69 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Brazilian production of marine shrimp is mainly focused on the domestic market, which better absorbs the headless and peeled product, which generates significant amount of agro-industrial waste. The objective of this research was to develop biodegradable films of chitosan from the exoskeleton of marine shrimp vannamei Litopeanaeus added liquid smoke for use in sausages. For characterization of chitosan obtained from the exoskeleton of shrimp were employed methodologies for determining viscosity , conductometry , spectroscopy in the infrared and x-ray diffraction to characterize the polymer and performed tests of tensile strength , elastic modulus , solubility , opacity and thickness to characterize the films . The results were efficient for the determination of chitosan, and consistent with the literature regarding the characterization of polymeric films of origin. Microbiological analyzes were performed on the sausages before and after preparation according to ANVISA Resolution on January 12, 2001, in the chitosan films with and without plasticizer added to liquid smoke for coating sausages in order to increase the shelf life of the product the antimicrobial activity of the films was determined by the agar diffusion method on bacterial strains: Escherichia coli active, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus coagulase positive. In the results , not presence of coliforms at 45 º C , coagulase Staphyilococcus positive , were observed Clostridium sulfite reducer was not detected the presence of Salmonella sp, as the antimicrobial activity , inhibition zones were found in biofilm added liquid smoke , only to Escherichia coli. As for the sensory properties of sausages packaged in three types of biodegradable chitosan film extracted from the exoskeleton of marine shrimp were differentiated by the addition of liquid smoke concentrations: 5 %, 7% and 10%. A nine-point hedonic scale was used to analyze the difference of control and acceptance testing were assessed using internal preference mapping (MEDPRF). The results indicated a significant difference between the control, conventional polyethylene film and biodegradable chitosan film plus smoke. By Preference Mapping revealed that the coated film containing sausages with liquid smoke in concentrations of 5 % and 7 %, no statistical differences obtained for the attributes: Appearance, Aroma, Taste, texture and overall acceptance levels in the addition of adding smoke compared to the control sample and 10 % ¨ smoke. It was observed in this work that the mechanical analyzes of biodegradable chitosan film is presented as a low elasticity and high tensile strength , and acceptable as opacity, solubility and thickness and that more research needs to be conducted in order to prepare chitosan films more flexible and resistant. / A produção brasileira de camarão marinho está voltada principalmente para o mercado interno, que absorve melhor o produto descabeçado e descascado, o que gera quantidade relevante de resíduos agroindustriais. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi o desenvolvimento de filmes biodegradáveis de quitosana a partir do exoesqueleto do camarão marinho Litopeanaeus vannamei adicionados de fumaça líquida, para aplicação em salsichas. Para caracterização da quitosana foram empregadas as metodologias de determinação da viscosidade, condutimetria, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho e difração de raio-x para caracterização do polímero e realizados os testes de resistência a tração, módulo elásticos, solubilidade, opacidade e espessura para caracterização dos filmes. As análises microbiológicas foram realizadas nas salsichas antes e após acondicionamento segundo a Resolução da ANVISA no 12 de janeiro de 2001, nos de filmes de quitosana com e sem plastificante adicionada de fumaça liquida, para o recobrimento de salsichas visando o aumento da vida de prateleira do produto ,a atividade antimicrobiana dos filmes foi determinada mediante teste de difusão em ágar sobre as cepas bacterianas: Escherichia coli ativa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva. Nos resultados, não foram observadas presença de coliformes a 45 ºC, Staphyilococcus coagulase positiva, Clostridium sulfito redutor e não foi detectada a presença de Salmonella sp, quanto à ação antimicrobiana, foram encontrados halos de inibição no biofilme adicionado de fumaça liquida, apenas para Escherichia coli. Quanto às propriedades sensoriais de salsichas embaladas com três tipos de filme biodegradável de quitosana foram diferenciadas pela adição de fumaça liquida nas concentrações de 5%, 7% e 10%. Uma escala hedônica de nove pontos foi empregada para analise de diferença de controle e os testes de aceitação foram analisados pela metodologia de Mapa de Preferência Interno (MEDPRF). Os resultados indicaram que houve diferença significativa entre o controle, filme convencional de polietileno e os filmes biodegradável de quitosana acrescidos de fumaça líquida. Pela análise do Mapa de Preferência observou-se que as salsichas recobertas com filme contendo fumaça liquida nas concentrações de 5% e 7%, não diferenças estatísticas obteve para os atributos: Aparência, Aroma, Sabor, Textura e Aceitação global na adição teores de adição de fumaça, quando comparados com a amostra controle e 10¨% de fumaça. Foi possível observar que as análises mecânicas do filme biodegradável de quitosana apresentaram-se como de baixa elasticidade e alta resistência a tração, e aceitáveis quanto a opacidade, solubilidade e espessura e que mais pesquisas precisam ser realizadas a fim de elaborar filmes de quitosana mais flexíveis e resistentes. Concluímos que os resultados encontrados foram eficientes para determinação da quitosana, e compatíveis com a literatura quanto à caracterização de filmes de origem polimérica.

This diploma thesis deals with the composting of biodegradace waste in selected plants. The goal was to determine the CEC according to Sandhoff and to create a proposal for the optimal composting technology of biodegradable materials in Trhový Štěpánov composting plant. Samples were taken from five selected plants, from the EKOSO Trhový Štěpánov composting plant, the municipalcomposting plant Votice, AGORY s.r.o. Želivec, kompostárny Jarošovice s.r.o. and the HANTÁLY composting plant in Velké Pavlovice. The thesis contains two interconnected parts, theoretical knowledge and practical part, where the results of laboratory analyzes are summarized.

Submitted by RENATO ALVES CAVALCANTI (renatoa.cavalcanti@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-20T19:35:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO final CD.doc: 1705472 bytes, checksum: b127c150094c6b7ffb1f73ed0519b39f (MD5) / Rejected by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: O arquivo submetido ao repositório deve estar no formato pdf e não em formato word. Favor colocar em formato pdf desbloqueado segundo ite 13 do tutorial de auto arquivamento: Upload do arquivo 13. Para enviar o arquivo contendo sua dissertação ou tese é necessário que:  o arquivo esteja no formato Portable Document Format (PDF);  o arquivo não esteja protegido;  o trabalho (dissertação ou tese) esteja reunido em um único arquivo, inclusive os apêndices e anexos. https://portal.biblioteca.unesp.br/portal/arquivos/tutorial-para-o-autoarquivamento-de-dissertacoes-e-teses-2.0.pdf Agradecemos a compreensão on 2018-04-25T12:08:51Z (GMT) / Submitted by RENATO ALVES CAVALCANTI (renatoa.cavalcanti@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-25T14:47:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_RENATO_ALVES_CAVALCANTI.pdf: 1329114 bytes, checksum: 20d539d56c4e488c0120474cccea5252 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-04-25T15:59:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cavalcanti_ra_me_jabo.pdf: 1329114 bytes, checksum: 20d539d56c4e488c0120474cccea5252 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-25T15:59:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cavalcanti_ra_me_jabo.pdf: 1329114 bytes, checksum: 20d539d56c4e488c0120474cccea5252 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um protótipo de filtro para irrigação com crepina artesanal, submetido a regime de água residuária de suinocultura avaliando o desempenho hidráulico juntamente com a eficiência de filtragem, utilizando resíduos agrícolas (Maravalha, Casca de arroz, Crepina (sem elemento filtrante), Silagem de milho e Feno de Tifton (Cynodon spp.)) como elemento filtrante. A água residuária utilizada na experimentação foi coletada após a utilização do biodigestor. A hidrometria utilizando placa de orifício foi através do diferencial de pressão acusado na coluna de mercúrio tipo “U”. O processo de construção do protótipo de filtro foi a partir de meio metro tubo PVC azul, com diâmetro interno de 94,4 mm. Em uma das extremidades, foi inserido na parte interna, um cap PVC roscável de 1 polegada, com 115 furos de 1 milímetro. A esta peça, neste trabalho, foi atribuída o nome de Crepina. Pôde-se concluir nesta pesquisa, que o protótipo de filtro operou satisfatoriamente em termos estruturais e operacionais. O filtro operando sem elemento filtrante teve baixa perda de carga e eficiência de filtragem de sólidos totais de 34%. / The objective of this work was to develop a filter prototype for irrigation with artisanal crepine, to submit to the swine wastewater regime and to evaluate the hydraulic performance along with filtering efficiency, using agricultural residues (Shavings, Rice husk, Crepina, Corn silage and Tifton hay (Cynodon spp.)) as filter element. The wastewater used in the experiment was collected after using the biodigester. The hydrometry was through the pressure differential on the orifice plate accused in the mercury column type "U". The process of constructing the prototype filter was from half a meter blue PVC tube, with internal diameter of 94.4 mm. At one end, a 1-inch threadable PVC cap with 115 1-mm holes was inserted inside. This piece, in this work, was given the name Crepina. It could be concluded in this research that the prototype filter operated satisfactorily in structural and operational terms. And that artisanal crepine had a low head loss and a total solids filtration efficiency of 34%.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to discuss the gasification of biodegradable waste. The theoretical part deals with gasification with focus on gasification phases, types of gasification reactors and pollutants contained in the generated gas, especially tar. Further, there is listed the characteristic of alternative biomass fuels, namely digestate and sludge waste. The practical part is devoted to gasification on a fluidized bed reactor with the aim to test the possibilities of gasification of these fuels, to determine their specifications and the influence of various gasification media. In the final part there are discussed the results of the collected gases and tar.

This thesis concentrates on the collection system of biogadable waste in a chosen locality. The method deals with the realization of a logistic model of biogradable waste in a locality. The introductory part provides a description of particular system of biogradable waste collection. The following part describes the calculation method and setting the particular parts of the system. The suggestions include descriptions and present experience with introducing this system in practice. The thesis describes the logistics of biodegradable waste collection for its further use. Describes the composting in a composting plants and associated technologies. That are in the area or band mounds. And other machinery for the adjustment of the compost. The collection is realized in three towns in Prachatice region. A technical estimate and calculation helped to determine the annual production of biodegradable waste depending on the feature of the origin. The calculation was made on the basis of ascertained data about well-kept municipal places, number of homes, areas and gardens. Considering the prevailing origin of biodegradable waste there was determined a delivery system of collection to a waste collection place with an aside container. Based on the total volume of ascertained production there was determined the capacity of containers in each town. According to the predicted capacity of the container, there were set the collection times and replacements done by an appropriate transport carrier. After researching the trails suitable for container transport there was chosen an optimal trail for collecting and accumulating the biodegradable waste. The choice of a composting plant originated from the real composting plant where the selection of biogradable waste was realized. The transport carrier which realizes the containers collection from the towns is located on this composting plant.

This master thesis deals with the transformation of biodegradable waste into the product which does not burden the environment. In the beginning is solved the specification of biodegradable waste, its collection and determination in the waste catalogue and also the main means of transformation. The second part deals with the main aim which is the proposal of a logistic model of a biodegradable waste in a selected village. This project resides in the collecting of information, selecting the suitable stand, determination of the number of containers, selecting the appropriate technical devices for the collection of biodegradable waste and also for the determining of the interval of the collection in the village. It also contains the selection and description of the route from the village to another place of use of the biodegradable waste, the composting plant. On the basis of the total volume of production were determined the volume of containers in the chosen village. On the ground of a survey of routes suitable for the container transport was chosen the optimal way of collection to the place where the biodegradable waste is gathered. The choice of the waste dump was based on the existence of a real waste dump in which is the selection of biodegradable waste realized. The container carrier which realizes the collection of containers from the villages is located in this waste dump.

The aim of this thesis is to design a fermentation unit specially adjusted for household operating. Unit processes kitchen and garden biodegradable waste with requirements of low acquisition costs, operating costs and demands of service. Benefits of this unit are production of biogas, which will be utilized in household, and processed of biodegradable waste to nutritious manure. The first part of the work is aimed on description of anaerobic fermentation process and summary of operating conditions. The main part deals with potential of household and garden biodegradable waste for production of biogas and design of fermentation unit. Proposals for biogas utilization and economy of whole project are mentioned.

The thesis deals with composting and ways of handling biodegradable waste and biodegradable municipal waste. It explains the terms related to composting and processing of BW and BMW and clarifies the difference between humus and primary organic matter and its composition. Furthermore, the thesis covers qualitative and quantitative features of compost, raw material composition of the dump, and factors influencing the process of decomposition itself. The practical part of the thesis describes the quality of the compost from the municipal composting plant Písek. This part also includes a description of the composting plant and a description of the composting process. The main part and the goal of the thesis is to determine the ion-exchange capacity T according to Sandhoff and to suggest the optimal composting technology in the Municipal composting plant Písek.