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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Desarrollo de nuevos métodos de análisis aplicados a la determinación de parámetros de calidad en combustibles biodiesel/diesel

Insausti, Matías 04 March 2015 (has links)
La tendencia actual de los Laboratorios de Control de Calidad es la implementación de métodos analíticos versátiles, rápidos, sensibles, precisos, simples, fáciles de operar y de bajo costo. Una de las maneras más efectivas de alcanzar tales características es la automatización y la ayuda de herramientas estadísticas aplicadas a la química. En este trabajo de tesis se presenta el desarrollo de nuevos métodos analíticos para la caracterización de muestras de combustibles diesel. En la primera parte del trabajo se realizó la cuantificación de glicerina en biodiesel, basándose en la automatización de la extracción y determinación del analito mediante Fluorescencia Molecular. Comprobamos que la determinación que se lleva a cabo en los laboratorios de análisis de rutina de combustibles usando cromatografía líquida, puede ser realizada de manera sencilla y con resultados similares usando el método propuesto, que posee una cámara de agitación automática y un Espectrofluorímetro. Continuando con la técnica de Fluorescencia, se hicieron espectros de fluorescencia sincrónica a muestras de biodiesel obtenidas de diferentes aceites comerciales (soja, girasol, etc.) con el objeto de hacer una clasificación de combustibles biodiesel con respecto a la oleaginosa de su procedencia: La información que producen los espectros antes mencionados, fue modelada mediante los algoritmos quimiométricos de clasificación SIMCA y SPA-LDA. También se utilizaron espectros de fluorescencia sincrónica para la determinación cuantitativa de parámetros de calidad. Se determinaron 4 parámetros de calidad simultáneamente (Porcentaje de Biodiesel, Número de cetanos, Calor de combustión, Color) a partir de un espectro de fluorescencia sincrónica. En la última parte de la tesis, se trabajó en la determinación cuantitativa de un aditivo presente en combustibles biodiesel/diesel. Se determinó el mejorador del número de cetanos, el 2-nitrato de etilhexilo a partir de espectros de fluorescencia de excitación - emisión. Esta relación entre los valores de fluorescencia y el contenido del aditivo mejorador de cetanos fue realizada mediante algoritmos quimiométricos de calibración multivariada. / The current trend of cuality control in laboratories is the implement of versatile, fast, sensitive, accurate, simple, easy to operate and inexpensive analytical methods. One of the most effective ways to achieve these features is the automation whith the statistical tools applied to chemistry help. In this thesis the development of new analytical methods for the characterization of diesel fuel samples is presented. In the first part, the quantification of glycerol in biodiesel was performed, based on automating the extraction and determination of analyte by molecular fluorescence. We found that the determination is carried out in the laboratories of routine analysis of fuels using liquid chromatography, can be performed easily and with similar results using the proposed method, which has an automatic stirring chamber adapted in a spectrofluorometer. Then the technique of synchronous fluorescence was used to obtain spectra from different commercial biodiesel oils (soybean, sunflower, etc.) samples in order to do a biodiesel fuel classification regarding its origin of oilseed: The information produced by the above mention spectra, was modelling using chemometric algorithms of classification, SIMCA and SPA-LDA. Synchronous fluorescence spectra for quantitative determination of quality parameters were also used. Simultaneously four quality parameters (Biodiesel content, Cetane Number, Heat of combustion, Color) from a synchronous fluorescence spectrum were determined. In the last part of the thesis, we worked on the quantitative determination of an additive in biodiesel / diesel fuels. The cetane number improver 2-ethylhexyl nitrate was determined from fluorescence excitation - emission spectra. This relationship between the fluorescence values and the content of the cetane improver additive was performed by multivariate chemometric calibration algorithms.
2

[en] PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF COMMERCIAL BIODIESEL/DIESEL BLENDS AND POTENTIALITY EVALUATION OF UNCONVENTIONAL SPECTROSCOPIC VIBRATIONAL TECHNIQUES IN MONITORING THEIR OXIDATION AND HYDROLYSIS DURING STORAGE. / [pt] CARACTERIZAÇÃO FÍSICO-QUÍMICA DE MISTURAS COMERCIAIS DE BIODIESEL/DIESEL E AVALIAÇÃO DA POTENCIALIDADE DE TÉCNICAS ESPECTROSCÓPICAS VIBRACIONAIS NÃO CONVENCIONAIS NO MONITORAMENTO DA OXIDAÇÃO E HIDRÓLISE DURANTE O ARMAZENAMENTO

VANESSA SOUZA BREDER VALENTE 02 May 2017 (has links)
[pt] Uma série de ensaios físico-químicos realizados em misturas comerciais Bx (0 por cento, 7 por cento, 20 por cento, e 100 por cento de biodiesel soja/sebo) em óleo diesel S10 e S500, bem como o desempenho de duas técnicas rápidas e ainda pouco exploradas, denominadas, espectroscopia FTIR-HATR e Raman, foram utilizadas para avaliar a estabilidade oxidativa e a hidrólise destas misturas. A adição de biodiesel ao diesel afeta negativamente a resistência ao envelhecimento das misturas resultantes. Misturas S500 são mais ácidas do que misturas S10, em concordância com o teor de água mais elevado da primeira. Testes de estabilidade oxidativa acelerada por Rancimat mostraram que os tempos de indução das amostras de B7 e B20 são maiores do que os de B100, independente do teor de enxofre do diesel. O uso prático de FTIR-HATR para caracterizar o estágio de degradação das misturas é condicionado pelo fato de existirem duas contribuições químicas para cada uma das bandas estudadas. Por outro lado, a espectroscopia Raman representa uma técnica espectroscópica muito adequada para detectar presença de insaturações das cadeias de ácidos graxos do biodiesel. Uma vez que as espectroscopias FTIR-HATR e Raman não necessitam de preparação de amostras, são técnicas rápidas e de baixo custo, e causam baixo impacto ao meio ambiente, mais atenção pode ser dada a elas. / [en] A series of physicochemical studies performed on Brazilian commercial Bx (0 per cent, 7 per cent, 20 per cent, and 100 per cent soybean/tallow biodiesel) mixtures in S10 and S500 oil diesel, as well as the performance of two rapid and still underexplored techniques, namely, FTIR-HATR and Raman spectroscopies, to evaluate the hydrolysis and oxidative stability of these blends are reported. The addition of biodiesel to diesel affects negatively the aging resistance of the resulting blends. S500 blends are more acidic then S10 blends, in accordance with the higher water content of the former. Rancimat accelerated oxidative stability tests showed that the induction times of B7 and B20 samples are greater than that of B100, independent of the sulfur content of the diesel. The practical use of FTIR-HATR to characterize the mixtures degradation stage is conditioned by the fact that there are two chemical contributions for each of the studied bands. On the other hand, Raman spectroscopy represents a very suitable spectroscopic technique to detect the presence of unsaturations in the fatty acids chains of biodiesel. Since FTIR-HATR and Raman spectroscopies do not require sample preparation, are fast and quite low cost techniques, and cause low impact to the environment, further attention may be paid to them.

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