Thesis (Ph.D.(Sustainable Ecological Management))--University of Pretoria, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre comment l'hétérogénéité du paysage (i.e. composition, structuration spatiale et dynamique temporelle) affecte les populations, notamment dans les paysages agricoles, fortement structurés par la mosaïque des parcelles et les rotations culturales. Nous abordons cette question à la fois de manière théorique (en simulant des dynamiques de populations dans des paysages aux propriétés spatiales et temporelles contrôlées) mais également empirique (en analysant la sélection d'habitat par la communauté de passereaux des paysages agricoles).Nous avons ainsi montré que la composition, la configuration spatiale et la dynamique temporelle étaient toutes trois importantes pour expliquer les dynamiques de population, et que la nature des réponses à l'hétérogénéité dépendait des traits des espèces (taux de croissance, dispersion, échelle de réponse au paysage). L'analyse sur la communauté de passereaux a montré que la composition en cultures influençait la sélection d'habitat chez certaines espèces, mais nos données ne nous ont pas permis de mettre en avant un effet significatif de la structuration spatiale des cultures sur les passereaux. Une analyse plus fine pour l'Alouette des champs (Alauda arvensis) a montré un effet positif de la diversité des cultures à l'échelle du territoire, expliqué par une complémentarité fonctionnelle entre les cultures, suggérant que des petites parcelles et un mélange des cultures dans le paysage seraient bénéfiques pour cette espèce. L'effet de la structuration spatiale et temporelle des cultures sur les populations mériterait d'être testé de façon plus approfondie à l'échelle adéquate sur de nombreux taxons. Une meilleure connaissance de l'effet des propriétés de la matrice cultivée sur les processus permettrait de prédire l'évolution des populations face à des modifications du paysage à l'aide de modèles mécanistes, et offrirait de nouvelles opportunités pour gérer la biodiversité. / The aim of this thesis is to understand how landscape heterogeneity (i.e. composition, configuration and temporal dynamics) affects populations, especially in farmlands, highly structured by the crop mosaic and rotations. We answer this question theoretically (simulating population dynamics in landscapes with controlled spatial and temporal properties) and empirically (analysing habitat selection by the farmland bird community).We found that landscape composition, configuration and temporal dynamics were all important to explain population dynamics and that the response to landscape heterogeneity depended on species traits (growth rate, dispersal, scale of response to the landscape). The analyse of farmland birds data revealed that crop composition influenced habitat selection for some species, but did not reveal a significant effect of crop configuration on birds. A finer analyse on Skylark showed a positive effect of crop diversity at the territory scale explained by a functional complementation among crops. It suggested that small fields and crop well mixed in the landscape would be beneficial for this species. The effect of spatial and temporal crop heterogeneity should be studied in depth at the right scale on many taxa. A good understanding of the effect of the cultivated matrix on processes would allow us to predict the change in populations when modifying the landscape and would offer new opportunities to manage biodiversity.

With the global population becoming more urban and less rural, increasingly research has argued for concepts such as establish Green Infrastructure (GI) as a tool for enhancing wildlife survival and human’s living quality (e.g. Harrison et al., 1995; Benedict and McMahon, 2006). However, an interdisciplinary planning approach underpinned by ecological and social evidence has not yet been fully developed. This research therefore seeks to integrate an ecological network with a green space planning standard by exploring the use of biotope and sociotope mapping methods. Seeking a comprehensive planning that takes all green resources into account, a green space typology is firstly developed according to Taiwanese contexts for identifying green spaces from land use maps. In order to specify effective features of these green spaces to bird survival and user preferences, an insight was conducted into the relationship of ‘birds and urban habitats’, as well as ‘human preferred urban green spaces’ in Taipei City. Important environmental factors influencing bird distribution and influencing human experiences in urban green spaces are respectively specified and developed into an ecological value index (EVI) to detail potential habitats and a social value index (SVI) to evaluate recreational green space provision. Interestingly, proximity to green space appears to plays a more critical role in human preferences than bird survival in Taipei city; size is important both as a habitat and for creating an attractive green space; and green space quality tends to be a more significant factor than its structure for both wildlife and people. Utilising the bio-sociotope maps, this thesis argues for a number of strategies: conserving, enlarging, or creating large green spaces in green space deficient areas; increasing ecological and recreational value by enhancing green space quality of specific characteristics; and tackling gravity distance by combining green space accessibility and attractiveness in optimising urban green structure. As these suggestions are a challenge to apply in intensively developed urban areas, barriers from land use, political mechanisms, technical shortages, and cultural characteristics are also explored with possible resolutions presented for facilitating implementation. It is clear that optimising a multifunctional GI for both wildlife and people requires interdisciplinary knowledge and cooperation from various fields. The EVI and SVI developed within this thesis create the potential for a more place-specific and quantifiable green spaces strategy to help better link ecological and social functions in urban areas.