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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Etude génétique et fonctionnelle de l’ataxie spastique autosomique récessive de Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) / Genetic and functional studies of autosomique recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS)

Pilliod, Julie 27 November 2014 (has links)
ARSACS est une maladie neurodégénérative autosomique récessive caractérisée par une ataxie cérébelleuse, une paraplégie spastique et une polyneuropathie sensitivo-motrice démyélinisante. Le gène SACS, responsable de la maladie, a été identifié en 2000. Depuis, de nombreux cas ont été décrits dans le monde entier. Le gène SACS code pour la sacsine, dont la fonction reste inconnue malgré l’identification de nombreux domaines protéiques et surtout la description récente d’un rôle dans la physiologie mitochondriale. Les objectifs de ma thèse étaient d’identifier des mutations dans SACS au sein d’une large cohorte de patients atteints d’ataxie grâce à plusieurs collaborations puis d’étudier leurs effets au niveau du compartiment mitochondrial en utilisant essentiellement des cellules de malades. Nous avons pu identifier 2 variants de SACS dans 10% des cas analysés recrutés via le réseau international SPATAX. Nous avons parallèlement confirmé les mutations de SACS identifiées par séquençage haut-débit chez 5 autres patients via le PHRC ATAXIC et analysé un dernier cas porteur d’une délétion complète de SACS découverte par CGH-array pangénomique. Des cultures primaires de fibroblastes ont été obtenues chez 11 patients pour l’analyse fonctionnelle. Une altération de la morphologie des mitochondries a été observée chez tous les patients sauf un. Ces anomalies du réseau mitochondrial semblent très utiles pour cheminer vers le diagnostic d’ARSACS qui peut s’avérer complexe dans les situations non exceptionnelles où les résultats moléculaires sont délicats à interpréter (mutations faux-sens). Nous proposons une définition graduelle d’ARSACS reposant sur des critères cliniques, génétiques et cellulaires intégrant ces anomalies du réseau. Enfin, nous avons débuté l’exploration des mécanismes impliqués dans cette altération de la dynamique du réseau mitochondrial. Nos résultats préliminaires font évoquer une action potentielle de la sacsine au niveau du renouvellement des mitochondries. / ARSACS is a recessive autosomal neurodegenerative condition characterized by cerebellar ataxia, spastic paraplegia and demyelinating sensitivo-motor polyneuropathy. ARSACS is caused by mutations in the SACS gene identified in 2000. Since then, cases have been reported worldwide. SACS encodes sacsin, a protein of still unknown function in spite of the description of numerous protein domains and of a recent focus on a potential implication in the regulation of mitochondrial physiology. Aims of this thesis were to identify new mutations in a large population of ataxic patients and then to functionally analyze their cellular effects in the mitochondrial compartment. We identified 2 variants in SACS in 10% of analyzed cases collected through the international SPATAX network. We also confirmed mutations in SACS in 5 patients identified using next-generation sequencing in the ATXAIC project, and studied a last case harbouring a large deletion encompassing the entire SACS gene identified by pangenomic CGH-array. For functional analyses, primary cultures of fibroblasts were obtained in 11 patients. A drastic and recurrent alteration of the mitochondrial network was observed in all patients except one. These anomalies seem very useful for the diagnosis of ARSACS when molecular results are difficult to interpret (missense variants). We therefore propose a grading diagnostic definition using clinical, genetic and cellular criteria for ARSACS. Finally, we started to study the mechanistic of the mitochondrial function of sacsin. Our preliminary data may suggest a potential role at the mitochondrial turn over level.
2

Biological and Ecological Trait Associations and Analysis of Spatial and Intraspecific Variation in Fish Traits

Henebry, Michael Lee 21 July 2011 (has links)
Traits provide an informative approach to examine species-environment interactions. Often, species-by-species approaches are inefficient to generate generalizable ecological relationships and do not predict species responses to environmental changes based on specific traits species possess. Multiple lines of inquiry and multi-scale approaches are best for assessing environment-trait responses. This thesis examines important questions not specifically addressed before in traits-based research. Chapter one explores biological and ecological trait associations incorporating ontogenetic diet shifts for New River fishes. Niche shift analysis as a chapter one sub-objective quantitatively support where species-specific diet shifts likely occur. Strong biological-ecological trait associations, some intuitive and others not so intuitive, were found that relate biological structure to ecological function. Improved understanding of trait associations, including what factors influence others, supports inference of ecology of fishes. Chapters two and three examine spatial and intraspecific trait variability. Chapter two specifically examines large-scale life history trait variability along latitudinal gradients for twelve widely distributed fish species, including directionality of trait variation, and hypothesizing how optimal traits change with large-scale environmental factors. Strong positive and negative patterns found include average total length of newly hatched larvae, average total length at maturation, average spawning temperature, average egg diameter, and maximum length. These five traits are correlated with other adaptive attributes (i.e. growth rate, reproductive output, and longevity/population turnover rate). In contrast to latitudinal scale, Chapter three examines trait variability of white sucker (Catostomus commersonii) and fantail darter (Etheostoma flabellare) as a function of small-watershed scale spatial factors and anthropogenic disturbance. Toms Creek and Chestnut Creek white sucker and fantail darter displayed positive response to disturbance, contrary to past studies. Lower resource competition, and / or competitive exclusion of fishes with similar niche requirements are possible mechanisms. All three objectives support understanding of trait association and variability as a useful foundation in ecological applications and for formulating plans for conservation and management of species. / Master of Science

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