<p> The Nushagak River, Bristol Bay, Alaska, supports one of the largest wild sockeye salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus nerka</i>) runs in the state and also supports overlapping runs of chum (<i>O. keta</i>) and Chinook (<i>O. tshawytscha</i>) salmon. Each summer, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game deploys dual-frequency identification sonar (DIDSON) on the river to enumerate salmon to monitor escapement goals; however, salmon behavior and spawning run characteristics at the site are not incorporated into management. We investigated the feasibility of using Nushagak River DIDSON data from 2008-2011 to identify trends in run timing and compare passage rates to local environmental conditions, including tide, light intensity, and water temperature. We also used spatial analysis to examine aggregation behavior of salmon at the DIDSON site at multiple distance scales. Between all four years, run timing only varied within a few days (&lt; 1 week), regardless of water temperature. In 2009 and 2011, more salmon passed upriver during slack and ebb tides than during flood tide. Salmon were never completely spatially random, and distance scales of aggregation behavior were influenced by run period and photo period. When examining all factors together, the interaction between salmon density and run period affected distance at maximum aggregation. This research used hydroacoustics for a multi-level approach to investigating spatiotemporal patterns of Pacific salmon relative to environmental factors during their spawning migration and may help refine in-season monitoring and management of the fishery.</p>

<p> Locomoting from one medium to another is crucial to the survival of many animals. Bullfrogs (<i>Lithobates catesbeianus</i>) leap from water into air to capture aerial prey or to escape water-filled depressions. Here, kinematics and kinetics of leaping on land and water are described and compared. High-speed videography was used to record both types of leaps and these videos were analyzed for their kinematics (joint extension, duration, and take-off velocity) and to calculate kinetic energy at takeoff. A custom digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) instrument recorded the vortex ring shed from each frog foot. Joint extension sequences of both types of leaps and differences in take-off velocities were statistically identical. The kinetic energy contained in the two vortices shed from each foot was small in magnitude compared to the kinetic energy in the body of the frog. This suggests that the kinetic energy transfer from the movement of the frog is more to other types of waves, and less to the vortices. How these frogs are able to produce enough thrust to leave the water is likely due to the paddle-like shape of their feet, their elastic, energy storing tendons and muscle fascia, powerful muscle contractions resulting in a land leap applied in water.</p>

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Biology, 2007. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-07, Section: B, page: 4236. Adviser: Ellen D. Ketterson. Title from dissertation home page (viewed Apr. 21, 2008).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Biology, 2007. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-09, Section: B, page: 5788. Adviser: G. Troy Smith. Title from dissertation home page (viewed May 8, 2008).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Biology, 2007. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-09, Section: B, page: 5665. Adviser: Roderick A. Suthers. Title from dissertation home page (viewed May 8, 2008).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2005. / (UnM)AAI3193944. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 66-11, Section: B, page: 5853. Director: Todd K. Fuller.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Santa Cruz, 2005. / (UnM)AAI3194057. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 66-11, Section: B, page: 5851. Adviser: Daniel P. Costa.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2007. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-11, Section: A, page: 4757. Adviser: Paul A. Garber. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 317-355) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Biology, 2005. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Dec. 2, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 66-01, Section: B, page: 0152. Chair: Peter Kloosterman.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Biology, 2005. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Dec. 3, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 66-03, Section: B, page: 1279. Chair: Michael J. Wade.