Field protocol for in-situ biophysical parameters collection Abstract The main aim of diploma thesis is to design a unified protocol intended for collecting of in-situ biophysical parameters of vegetation based on an up-to-now published literature as well as on my own experimental measuring. The key for measuring of high- quality field data, that are suitable for a subsequent validation of remote sensing products, is an implementation of unified rules as well as all the phases of data collecting, a recommended preparation before the very measuring, the choice of a sampling scheme and a processing of measured data. Based on an accessible literature the current methods of LAI data measuring were evaluated and the basic protocol parameters were defined. For designing of a proper parameterization of this protocol an experimental field measurement was carried out. A determination of a suitable number of partial measurements within ESU is given by a relationship between the number of partial measurements and MSE value. The sampling schemes stated in a literature as well as my own designed sampling schemes are subsequently tested in order to determine a suitable sampling scheme. Based on achieved MSE values the most suitable sampling scheme that was later verified in field measuring was evaluated. Based on a field...

Submitted by ROBERTO FILGUEIRAS null (betofilgueiras@gmail.com) on 2016-04-17T03:21:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Filgueiras_a4_final_3 com ficha.pdf: 10047606 bytes, checksum: b710d7378ca5bb6b915801acc7bece8d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-19T12:46:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 filgueiras_r_me_bot.pdf: 10047606 bytes, checksum: b710d7378ca5bb6b915801acc7bece8d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-19T12:46:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 filgueiras_r_me_bot.pdf: 10047606 bytes, checksum: b710d7378ca5bb6b915801acc7bece8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Devido ao fato da morfologia do terreno influenciar nas medidas radiométricas obtidas por sensores orbitais, o presente estudo teve por objetivo geral, analisar a dinâmica espaçotemporal do saldo de radiação (Rn), na Fazenda Experimental Edgárdia (FEE) pertencente a Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas/ Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” FCA/UNESP, Botucatu-SP, levando-se em consideração a topografia da mesma, a qual apresenta relevo heterogêneo. Para essa análise foram processados dois métodos de correção topográfica, um que considera a superfície como um reflector lambertiano e outro não lambertiano. Para a estimativa do saldo de radiação, por meio das imagens orbitais, foi utilizada a metodologia do algoritmo SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land). Com intuito de avaliar a influência da topografia no cômputo do saldo de radiação, foram aplicadas três metodologias: sem correção topográfica (RnSem); correção cosseno (RnCos) e correção C (RnC). Essas metodologias foram aplicadas em 21 imagens da plataforma orbital Landsat-5/TM, durante os anos de 1985 a 2010. Após a correção das imagens, notou-se que as cenas correspondentes ao RnCos apresentaram sobrecorreção dos parâmetros para algumas porções das imagens, devido a essas regiões apresentarem ângulos de iluminação ( , em relação a normal da superfície, superiores a 69,62°, alcançando ângulos de até 76,11°, isto é, condições de pouca luminosidade. Devido à complexidade do relevo da FEE, a correção cosseno não foi eficaz na atenuação da influência topográfica. Já, para os valores de RnC, foi constatada uma redução média do desvio padrão de 5,97% das imagens sem correção, para as corrigidas pela correção C. Esse resultado foi atribuído como um indício da efetiva correção das cenas. Observou-se nas imagens RnSem da FEE que ocorreu uma tendência à valores elevados de saldo de radiação, de noroeste a sudeste dos mapas dos RnSem, região que encontrava-se sombreada. Essa tendenciosidade foi notoriamente reduzida nas imagens RnC, a qual foi uma comprovação qualitativa de que a correção C foi eficaz para atenuar os efeitos relativos a topografia da FEE para as imagens de saldo de radiação. Com o propósito de validar as estimações, os valores de saldo de radiação obtidos nas diferentes datas foram comparados, utilizando duas estações meteorológicas automáticas, os quais não apresentaram erros relativos maiores que 13,73%. Tais resultados evidenciam a importância da consideração do relevo, para atingir maiores precisões nas estimativas de parâmetros biofísicos com imagens orbitais e reiteram o potencial do SEBAL na estimativa de parâmetros relativos ao balanço de energia. / The measurements obtained by remote sensing are influenced by issues related to relief. Based on that, this study aim to analyze the spatial-temporal dynamic of net radiation (Rn), considering the influence of topographic parameters on it, for the experimental farm Edgárdia (FEE), belonging the FCA/UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil. For this analysis it was processed two methodologies, one based in the Lambertian behavior, and the other in non- Lambertian behavior. For estimate the net radiation, by orbital images, it was utilized the metodology based on the SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) algorithm. In order to assess the topographic influence on the compute of net radiation, was applied three methodologies: without topographic correction (RnSem); cosine correction (RnCos) and C correction (RnC). These methodologies were applied on 21 images of the orbital platform Landsat-5/TM, during the years of 1985, until 2010. After the corrections of the images, it noticed that the scenes corresponding to the RnCos showed overcorrection of the parameters, in some areas of the FEE. This happened because these portions showed illumination angles, in relation to the normal of surface, bigger than 69.62°, reaching angles of 76.11°, ie, conditions of low illumination. Due to complex relief of the FEE, the cosine correction did not show effectiveness on the attenuation of topographic influence for the values of RnC, were noticed an average reduction of 5.97% for the standard deviation for the values of RnC, of the images that had been corrected by the C-correction. This result was assigned as indicative of the scenes correction. It was observed on the images of RnSem of FEE that, occurred a tendency of elevated values of net radiation, located of northwest until southeast of the maps of RnSem, shaded regions. This bias was attenuated on the images of RnC, which qualitatively proved the effectiveness of the Ccorrection, for the effects relief of FEE, on the net radiation images. With the purpose of validated these estimation, the net radiation values, obtained on the dates analyzed, were compared, utilizing two automatic meteorological stations. The results showed standard mean errors no bigger than 13.73%. These results show the importance of considering relief, to achieve higher accuracies on estimates of biophysical parameters with orbital images and confirm the potential of SEBAL in estimating parameters relating to energy balance.

Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2017-09-18T12:59:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Victor_Prudente2017.pdf: 2943373 bytes, checksum: 9bc7b35805d7987e01d85665f9ba8802 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-18T12:59:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Victor_Prudente2017.pdf: 2943373 bytes, checksum: 9bc7b35805d7987e01d85665f9ba8802 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-09 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The spatio-temporal dynamics of agricultural crops can be monitored through Vegetation Indices (VI) on multiple dates. The use of IV in a given period of crop development or throughout its cycle, has generated good relations with agronomic parameters. There are several IV, the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) being one of the most used. NDVI correlates with some agronomic variables such as plant height, leaf area index (LAI), dry matter, chlorophyll index (CI), soil cover degree, plant height and photosynthetically active intercepted radiation (PAIR). Hence, the objective of this work is to compare and intercalibrate NDVI spectral-temporal profiles obtained by different terrestrial remote Sensors, and to use these profiles to estimate biophysical parameters (LAI, CI, PAIR, and Plant Height) for soybean and bean, in addition to estimating and studying soybean yield through models with spectral-temporal data obtained by different terrestrial remote sensors. The ground sensors used are the GreenSeeker 505 Handheld active sensor and the passive hyperspectral FieldSpec4 Standard-Res model. The NDVI values of the passive (NDVI FS) and active (NDVI GS) sensors presented high correlation (soybean rs = 0.90 and bean rs = 0.93) and the linear models respond well to an intercalibration considering the entire phenological cycle of soybean (R² = 0.83, RMSE = 0.0161 e dr = 0.85) and beans (R² = 0.92, RMSE = 0.0038 e dr = 0.89). The saturation of the NDVI values at the survey dates that are located during the vegetative peak of the crops and the presence of adverse climatic events decreased the precision of the models in certain periods of the phenological cycle of the crops. The variables LAI and Height for both crops and CI for the soybean crop obtained better results when estimated by the values of NDVI GS. PAIR for both crops and CI for bean obtained better adjustments considering the models using NDVI FS values. For the variable productivity, there was no significant correlation with the NDVI GS and NDVI FS. However, it presented relations with the accumulation of reflectance observed in the RED and NIR bands for both sensors as a result of different collection dates. The best relations of productivity were with the accumulation of reflectance values of the spectroradiometer bands on DAS76 and DAS71 dates. / A dinâmica espaço-temporal das culturas agrícolas pode ser monitorada por meio de Índices de Vegetação (IV) em múltiplas datas. A utilização do IV, em um determinado período do desenvolvimento das culturas, ou, ainda, em todo o seu ciclo, possui boas relações com parâmetros agronômicos. Há diversos IVs, sendo o NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) um dos mais utilizados. O NDVI possui relação com algumas variáveis agronômicas como altura de planta, Índice de Área Foliar (IAF), matéria seca, índice de clorofila (IC), grau de cobertura do solo, altura de planta e radiação fotossinteticamente ativa interceptada (RFAI). Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar perfis espectro-temporais NDVI obtidos por diferentes sensores remotos terrestres, e utilizar esses perfis para estimar parâmetros biofísicos (IAF, IC, RFAI e altura de planta) para a soja e o feijão, além de estimar/estudar a produtividade da soja por meio de modelos com dados espectro-temporais obtidos por diferentes sensores remotos terrestres. Utilizou-se o sensor ativo GreenSeeker 505 Handheld e o sensor passivo hiperespectral FieldSpec4 modelo Standard-Res. Os valores de NDVI dos sensores passivos (NDVI FS) e ativos (NDVI GS) apresentaram alta correlação (soja rs = 0,90 e feijão rs = 0,93), e os modelos lineares respondem bem a um ajuste, ao se considerar todo o ciclo fenológico da soja (R² = 0,83, RMSE = 0,0161 e dr = 0,85) e feijão (R² = 0,92, RMSE = 0,0038 e dr = 0,89). A saturação dos valores de NDVIs nas datas de levantamento que se situam durante o pico vegetativo das culturas e a presença de eventos climáticos adverso diminuíram a precisão dos modelos em determinados períodos do ciclo fenológico das culturas. As variáveis IAF e altura para a soja e o feijão e IC para a soja obtiveram melhores resultados ao ser estimadas por meio dos valores de NDVI GS. RFAI para ambas as culturas e IC para o feijão obtiveram melhores ajustes por meio dos modelos que se utilizavam de valores de NDVI FS. Para a produtividade, não houve correlação significativa com os NDVI GS e NDVI FS. Entretanto, apresentou relações com o acúmulo de refletância observados nas bandas RED e NIR para ambos os sensores em diferentes datas de coleta. As melhores relações da produtividade foram com o acúmulo de refletância das bandas do espectroradiômetro nas datas DAS76 e DAS71.

Les modèles actuels de prédiction de la sensation thermique et du confort thermique ainsi que les solutions visant à améliorer l’état de bien-être thermique des occupants d’un bâtiment sont insuffisants. Ils ne prennent pas assez en compte les différences interindividuelles de jugement thermosensoriel. Pourtant, ces différences, souvent associées à la sensibilité thermique de chaque individu, existent mais restent inexpliquées sur le plan physiologique. Ces travaux de thèse, qui se sont déroulés en deux étapes, ont pour objectif d'identifier les causes physiologiques potentielles des différences interindividuelles du ressenti thermique, à travers des expérimentations multiparamétriques basées sur des mesurées cutanées. Toutes les mesures ont été réalisées après 30 minutes d’acclimatation en environnement thermique contrôlé. La première étape, exploratoire, a permis d’analyser à la fois l’activité neurosensorielle, les propriétés thermo-vasculaires et les propriétés du film hydrolipidique cutané de deux groupes présentant des sensibilités au froid distinctes (selon leur sensation thermique déclarée). Ainsi, les expérimentations ont montré qu’il était plus pertinent d’analyser davantage les propriétés cutanées thermiques et hydriques (reliées aux mécanismes de thermorégulation) plutôt que l’activité neurosensorielle des volontaires pour caractériser les différences interindividuelles de jugement thermosensoriel. Elles ont également mis en évidence la nécessité de contrôler les facteurs non thermiques des environnements et de sélectionner rigoureusement les sujets. La deuxième étape s’est focalisée sur l’analyse des propriétés thermo-vasculaires et des propriétés du film hydrolipidique de deux groupes de sensibilité au froid. Pour cela, 13 femmes ont été confrontées à 6 environnements de températures modérées comprises entre 17°C et 30°C (avec 2 transitions chaudes et 2 transitions froides) et les groupes ont été construits à partir du degré de frilosité déclaré par les sujets. Des différences sur les paramètres cutanées ont alors pu être relevées entre les deux groupes. Le résultat le plus significatif est que les individus dits « frileux » présentent une activité microcirculatoire plus intense sur les joues avec une vasoconstriction plus forte au froid et une vasodilatation plus forte au chaud que l’autre groupe « non sensible au froid » (p=0,002 d’après le test de l’ANCOVA pour l’effet des groupes). De plus, il a été montré que l’approche multiparamétrique (introduction de variables non thermiques comme variables prédictives) ainsi que la prise en compte des sensibilités thermiques individuelles améliorent la prédiction du confort thermique surtout pour le groupe « frileux » (+ 6,4 %). / Current models for predicting thermal sensation and thermal comfort as well as the solutions to improve the state of thermal well-being of the occupants of a building are insufficient. They do not sufficiently take into account interindividual differences of thermosensory judgment. However, these differences, often associated with thermal sensitivity of each person, exist but remain unexplained physiologically. This work, divided into two stages, is intended to identify the potential physiological causes of interindividual differences of thermal feeling through multiparametric experiments based on skin measurements. All measurements were performed after 30 minutes of acclimatization in controlled environment. The exploratory phase allowed to analyze both neurosensory activity, thermo-vascular properties and properties of the skin hydrolipidic film of two groups with different cold sensitivities (depending on their declared thermal sensation). For example, experiments have shown that it was more appropriate to analyse thermal and hydric skin properties (related to thermoregulation mechanisms) rather than neurosensory activity of volunteers to characterize interindividual differences of thermosensory judgment. They have also highlighted the need to control the non-thermal factors of environments and rigorously select subjects. The second step focused on the analysis of thermo-vascular properties and properties of the hydrolipidic film of two groups of different cold sensitivity. Thirteen women have faced in 6 environments of moderate temperatures between 17 ° C and 30 ° C (with 2 warm transitions and 2 cold transitions). Groups were built according to their degree of cold sensitivity. Differences in skin parameters have been found between the two groups. The most significant result is that cold-sensitive individuals have a more intense microcirculatory activity on cheeks with a stronger vasoconstriction in cold environments and a stronger vasodilation in warm environement than the non cold-sensitive group (p = 0. 002 according to ANCOVA test for groups effect). In addition, it has been shown that the multi-parametric approach (introduction of non-thermal parameters as predictors) as well as taking into account individual thermal sensitivities improve the prediction of thermal comfort especially for the cold-sensitive group (+ 6.4%).